Aim:The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial fractures in children and to compare them between preschool-and schoolaged children. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study included 57 children with facial fractures. The variables analyzed were the age of the patients-divided into a preschool-aged group (0-5 years) and a school-aged group (6-12 years)-gender, cause of trauma, the facial bones involved, the pattern of fracture, the modality of treatment used, the time between injury and treatment, and the postoperative complications. Results:The incidence of facial fractures in children ≤12 years was 30.2%. The patients consisted of 40 (70.2%) males and 17 (29.8%) females, and most patients belonged to the school-aged group (n = 35, 61.4%). The most common cause of injury was falls. Mandibular fractures were the most common (54.2%), mostly involving the condylar region. Forty patients (70.2%) were treated surgically and 17 patients (29.8%) were managed conservatively. The variables that were significantly different between the two groups included the cause of injury, the site of injury, and the type of treatment. Conclusion: Facial fractures occur most frequently in school-aged children with male predominance, falls are the most common cause of facial fractures in children, the incidence of mandibular fractures is high and the condyle is the most affected site, the surgical treatment is indicated in most of the older age groups, and no major complications were encountered. Clinical significance: Facial fractures in children require special considerations in their management due to many characteristic features of the facial skeleton of the growing child and the possibility of growth disturbances that may result from these injuries, the incidence of facial fractures in children increases with the beginning of school and their treatment in school-aged children tends to be surgical rather than conservative.

Introduction Motorcycles are used as a common means of transportation, and motorcycle accidents are responsible for a major portion of trauma injuries. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial injuries in motorcyclists, to evaluate the types of injuries, and to investigate if the accident-related factors had any impact on the characteristics of the injuries. Methods This retrospective observational study included 74 patients with maxillofacial injuries following motorcycle-related accidents. Investigated data were divided into four main categories: sociodemographic, accident-related, injury-related, and treatment-related. Results All the patients were males with a mean age (±SD) of 25.03 (±9.986) years. Most accidents (n = 44, 59.4%) occurred in the evening. Most of the patients (n = 40, 54%) were traveling on motorcycle models that had maximum speed of over 120 km/h. Furthermore, 15 patients (18.9%) were under the influence of alcohol during the crashes and only one patient was wearing a helmet. Fractures of the maxillofacial bones were observed in 50 (67.5%) crash victims; 24 of them (48%) had middle third fractures, 11 (22%) had mandibular fractures, and 15 patients (30%) presented with a combination of lower, middle, and upper third fractures. Conclusion Almost all patients were not wearing helmets at the moment of the crash. The most common fractured site was the maxilla. The majority of the patients received surgical treatment. Increased enforcement of safety measures for riders and raising awareness about the dangers of motorcycle crashes are required measures to improve traffic safety and, ultimately, population health.

BACKGROUND: Pain is as a major concern with dental patients. The dentist-patient interaction can reveal the presence of anxiety and fear, which may result in rise of pain. This study aimed to assess vocabulary communication as support to dental anesthesia on the adult dental patient.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized clinical study, conducted from February 2020 through March 2021. Two hundred individuals (112 males, 88 females) of the age range (16 to 84 years) were separated into two groups for testing the level of pain during dental local anesthesia, with vocal communication and without vocal communication.RESULTS: While the control group showed no difference between males and females, there was a difference between the sexes in the experimental group with past dental visits, VAS and injection type having less anxiety (p=0.0001) while with education/VAS having (p£0.01) as appear in sex to age (p£0.05). There was no difference when data were compared by age, or type of anesthesia (inferior alveolar nerve block or infiltration technique).CONCLUSION: Dental anxiety can be alleviated by talking to the patients before the procedure, which could reduce the amount of pain.