Dengue is considered as a major health issue which causes a number of deaths worldwide each year; tropical countries are majorly affected by dengue outbreaks. It is considered as life threatening issue because, since many decades not a single effective approach for treatment and prevention of dengue has been developed. Therefore, to find new preventive measure, we used immunoinformatics approaches to develop a multi-epitope based subunit vaccine for dengue which can generate various immune responses inside the host. Different B-cell, TC cell, and TH cell binding epitopes were predicted for structural and non-structural proteins of dengue virus. Final vaccine constructs consisting of TC and TH cell epitopes and an adjuvant (β-defensin) at N-terminal of the construct. Presence of B-cell and IFN-γ inducing epitopes confirms the humoral and cell mediated immune response developed by designed vaccine. Designed vaccine was not found allergic and was potentially antigenic in nature. Modeling of tertiary structure and the refined model was used for molecular docking with TLR-3 (immune receptor). Molecular docking and dynamics simulation confirms the microscopic interactions between ligand and receptor. In silico cloning approach was used to ensure the expression and translation efficiency of vaccine within an expression vector.

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Introduction:The infections acquired in patients during admission in a hospital and the patients have no evidence of infection before admission in hospital are known as nosocomial infections or hospital acquired infections. The etiological organism may be bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic, found in the air or on hospital items; spreading from one person to another person. The main objective of current study was to assess the knowledge and practices of nurses with respect to the spread of hospital infections in a tertiary hospital of Lahore. Material and methods:A cross sectional, descriptive study was carried out in a tertiary hospital of Lahore, Pakistan during a period of four months from June 2018 to September 2018. Sample size was 120 and simple random sampling was done. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.Results: Most of the participants 115(95.8%) were female and 5(4.2%) were male. It was revealed that nurses had enough awareness about the spread of hospital infections. Out of 120 participants, 39 (32.5%) were agree and 34(28.3%) were strongly agree that they are aware of handwashing guidelines, but their practices to reduce the spread of hospital infection were not good since 38(31.7%) were neutral and 9(7.5%) were disagree to follow the recommended guidelines for using alcohol based solutions or other antiseptics before and after each contact with patients. Conclusion:Nurses had a good knowledge regarding the spread of nosocomial infections, use of safety precautions and use of alcohol based formulations but their practices for reducing the spread of hospital infections were not up to satisfactory level.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v1i1.13298KYAMC Journal Vol.1(1) July 2010, 1-2

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