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The present study was performed to determine the changes in inorganic element content in barley leaves of mammalian sex hormones (MSH). Barley leaves were sprayed with 10(-4), 10(-6), 10(-9), 10(-12), 10(-15) M concentrations of progesterone, β-estradiol, and androsterone at 7th day after sowing. The plants were harvested at the end of 18 days after treatment with MSH solutions. The inorganic element concentrations were determined using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy technique. Although the all MSH concentrations significantly (p < 0.05) increased the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, manganese, aluminum, zinc, iron, potassium, and chlorine, it decreased those of sodium concentration in barley leaves. The maximum changes in the element concentrations were obtained at 10(-9) M for plant leaves treated with progesterone, 10(-6) M for plant leaves treated with β-estradiol and androsterone. The present study elucidated that MSH significantly (p < 0.05) affected the inorganic element concentrations in barley leaves.

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Detoxified loquat kernel extract (DLKE) and neutralized loquat kernel extract (LKE) prepared from waste loquat kernels were used as main carbon sources in the submerged and solid cultures of Morchella esculenta. LKE and DLKE were found to be good substrates as they resulted in mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) concentrations near to those obtained with malt extract (ME). In the production media prepared with ME, DLKE and LKE, the maximum biomass concentrations were 18.9, 16.7 and 14.6 g/L, and the maximum EPS concentrations were 5.3, 5.2 and 4.1 g/L, respectively. EPS produced by mushrooms has various biologic and pharmacologic activities, including antitumor, immunostimulating and hypoglycemic activities. On the other hand, mushroom mycelia produced by submerged fermentation have the potential to be used in the human diet. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the usability of this waste material as a substrate in microbial culture media. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The hydrolyzate prepared from loquat kernel flour was used for the preparation of detoxified and neutralized extracts. Both extracts could be effectively used as a substrate in the submerged and solid cultures of Morchella esculenta; however, their usage in submerged culture will be more advantageous as submerged culture provides faster and more efficient production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) in mushrooms. The present study is very important for industrial, environmental and food microbiology as it proved that an agricultural origin‐waste material could be effectively utilized as a substrate for the production of mycelial biomass and EPS in submerged culture of an edible mushroom.