This paper reviews the background and history of agricultural technology interventions and the policy processes underlying food-based and cash-based education incentive programmes in Bangladesh, their targeting mechanisms and performance, and their evolution over time. The study reviews similarities and differences among these anti-poverty interventions according to their pro-poor orientation, attention to gender issues, extent of involvement of other partners, attention to sustainability, and the use of research and evaluation to inform organisational change.Bangladesh, microfinance institutions, agricultural technology, primary education,
This research paper aims at critically analyzing the production end of the dairy value chain with a long-run vision and mission to develop a more efficient pro-poor development of value chain that will allow disadvantaged farmers, milkers, feed producers, and feed sellers to overcome barriers and earn more to escape from poverty through further value addition in a sustainable manner. It uses qualitative research with an integrated methodology, comprising in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and observation. We collected data from 30 villages located in eight districts in northern Bangladesh, using 44 in-depth interviews and 18 FGDs. Thematic data analysis is used, and five cases are presented. Farmer or producer, milker, feed producer, and feed seller are the production end actors of the dairy value chain. Rearing cows within the homestead is a popular and enduring custom. The labor-intensive rearing lacks automation and needs helping hands. Traditional free-range cattle rearing practice is identified on some river islands. Despite politics in pricing, ethical pricing also exists but not at the institutional level. Hand milking is common practice with vulnerability as it impacts milk quality. Feed selling business is rising and getting institutionalized. Production end value addition scopes are identified along multiple dimensions for stakeholders to take necessary actions.
Innovative managerial and social changes, such as sustainable marketing practices considerably improve organizational performance. Although the RMG sector of Bangladesh is widely known to global consumers through the ‘Made in Bangladesh’ tagline, effective implementation of sustainable marketing in the country has been proven as a difficult task. This research examines the current state and implications of sustainable marketing in the RMG sector of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected from 20 RMG factories located in Dhaka and Gazipur that were selected using convenience sampling techniques and 120 officials were selected using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using the content analysis technique where the theoretical framework was informed by the theory of planned behavior. The research shows that knowledge about sustainable marketing of most factories is limited and often they are not interested in practicing it. It also evidences that RMG manufacturers have been late in emphasizing and adopting sustainable marketing practices. They have not yet started showing concerns in this respect. Lack of supporting information systems often impedes the implementation of sustainable marketing practices. Legal requirements and the mandatory rule for sharing information regarding sustainable marketing work as the main motivations to adopt sustainable marketing practices.
Word of mouth (WOM) communication has become popular as consumers have been sharing their experiences and opinions regarding products, services, brands, and related companies at increased frequency and volume than ever before, fostered by innovative social media and interactive web. It profoundly influences consumer buying behavior. With the advancement of digital technologies, methods, techniques, art, style, speed, and approaches to communication have changed considerably. Sophisticated digital technologies empowered consumers to become more creative to customize, team up, and disseminate information through the internet. This information work as electronic word of mouth (eWOM), in the forms of online reviews, tweets, blog posts, likes, pins, images, and video testimonials. eWOM provides consumers with convenient opportunities to share their feelings and opinions which has a profound power to influence consumers' buying decisions. This research presents the impacts of eWOM on the buying behavior of consumers in Bangladesh.
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