The premise of this study is to look at the intergenerational transferal of language and racial trauma of Asian immigrants in general and Korean–American immigrants in particular to a western country, the United States of America. This study investigates trauma from a psychological standpoint, based on Chang-Rae Lee’s novel Native Speaker. In describing a marker of citizenship, the novel’s title also points to who is the native language speaker and who is a native of a country, and why one who is not may be excluded. The Korean immigrants’ vulnerability to the English language and racial differences highlights their status as minority “others,” and they suffer from transgenerational trauma. As a result of transgenerational traumatic effects, Henry (the protagonist) has various traumatic side effects such as dysphasia, aphasia, and parasomnia and finally leaves no stone unturned to recuperate from trauma. The Trauma of the Unspeakable theory by Michelle Balaev is used in this article to show how trauma affects people’s minds.
Communication is supposed to be important to convey the message to the audience. The communication skills of teachers occupied a major role in effective students’ learning. If a teacher is anxious about speaking, his instructions may not be effective and also may affect the students’ learning. The researchers were intended to measure the language anxiety of the teachers who teach in 10th class while utilizing the survey method. The sample for the study included the teachers from Federal Government Educational Institutions (cants/ Garrisons) – FGEI’s (C/G). The data regarding the teachers’ language anxiety was collected by Teachers’ Language Anxiety Scale adapted by the researcher from (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986). The scale consists of 30 items with a Likert’s Rating scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. In order to measure the teachers’ performance, the cumulative GPA of their English subject that they have taught in recent anum was taken. This GPA was the outcome of their English teaching taken from Federal Board Intermediate & Secondary Education annual exam. The results showed that there exists a negative, moderate as well as significant correlation between teachers’ anxiety and their performance. It is recommended that the FDCI’s should organize workshops on a regular basis for the teachers that focus on the practice of English speaking proficiency. There should be seminars propagating about the strategies to cope with language anxiety.
The survey study investigates the intergenerational attitudinal shift towards English from the Punjabi language with a focus on three generations (male and female) population of Lahore ageing 55 years and above, 35 to 54 and 15 to 34. A twenty-five questions questionnaire was administered on randomly selected sixty subjects for the quantitative data analyzed qualitatively. The numerical analysis was carried out to see the intergenerational shift towards English from the Punjabi language. For this purpose, the regression and ANOVA are conducted in SPSS (Statistical Software). The results reflect that the Punjabi language, though rich in literature and history, does not find a status that is enjoyed by English or Urdu. Hence the study recommends that to save the Punjabi language from social death; it may be taught as a language at schools so that the coming generations may enjoy speaking, reading and writing of Punjabi language as a living language like others.
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