1. The study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of enzyme and oregano essential oil at two levels, alone or together, on performance, digestive enzyme, nutrient digestibility, lipid metabolism and immune response of broilers fed on wheat-soybean meal based diets. 2. The following dietary treatments were used from d 0 to 21. Diet 1 (control, CONT): a commercial diet containing no enzyme or oregano essential oil, diet 2 (ENZY): supplemented with enzyme, diet 3 (EO250): supplemented with essential oil at 250 mg/kg feed, diet 4 (EO500): supplemented with essential oil at 500 mg/kg feed, diet 5 (ENZY + EO250): supplemented with enzyme and essential oil at 250 mg/kg, and diet 6 (ENZY + EO500): supplemented with enzyme and essential oil at 500 mg/kg. 3. Birds fed on diets containing ENZY, EO250 and ENZY + EO250 had significantly higher weight gain than those given CONT diet from d 0 to 7. No significant effects on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, organ weights except for jejunum weight and intestinal lengths was found with either enzyme or essential oil, alone or in combination, over the 21-d growth period. The supplementation of essential oil together with enzyme decreased jejunum weight compared with essential oil alone. 4. Supplementation with enzyme significantly decreased viscosity and increased dry matter of digesta, but did not alter pH of digesta. There was no effect of essential oil alone at either concentration on viscosity, dry matter or pH of digesta. A significant decrease in viscosity of digesta appeared when essential oil was used with together enzyme. 5. The supplementation of essential oil at both levels with or without enzyme significantly increased chymotrypsin activity in the digestive system, and improved crude protein digestibility. 6. The higher concentration of essential oil with and without enzyme significantly increased serum total cholesterol concentrations. No significant effect on immune response was found with either enzyme or essential oil, alone or together. 7. Enzymes and essential oil had different modes of actions. The supplementation of enzyme with essential oil in diets is likely more effective in view of performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities and immune system.
This study aimed at determining the total losses associated with the season, transportation distance, and slaughter age during the transportation of broilers from poultry farms to slaughterhouses in Turkey. All data and parameters were statistically analyzed and the change in total loss during transportation was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance to determine which factors or variables affect this change. Total transportation losses were compared among the four seasons of the year, two slaughter ages (younger broiler, 31-39 days of age; older broilers 40-46 days of age) and three distance ranges (short, ≤50 km; medium, 51-150 km; and long, ≥151 km). Total losses of 259.40 g, 307.35 g, and 350.14 g were determined for short, medium and long distances, respectively, indicating that losses increased with transportation distance (p<0.05). Broilers slaughtered at a younger age presented lower total losses than those slaughtered at an older age (p<0.05). When seasons were evaluated, the highest total loss was determined in the summer, which was not statistically different from that calculated for autumn, whereas total transportation losses in spring and winter were found relatively lower. The study showed longdistance transportation in the winter considerably increased total losses to levels similar to those obtained in the summer.
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) mixed in the whole milk on the growth and health of calves. Forty Holstein calves (20 male, 20 female) were randomly assigned, within sex, to one of two groups at 5 d of age. Calves were fed fresh, warm whole milk (control) or fresh, warm whole milk supplemented with MOS (4 g of Bio-Mos per calf daily at a.m. feeding). Calves were fed 4 L of whole milk per day in two equal feedings for 6 weeks. Pelleted calf starter and fresh water were available ad libitum during the experiment. No hay was fed. Body weights (BW) were measured at the beginning of the experiment and then weekly till the end of the experiment. Height at withers, heart girth, withers to pins, and point of shoulder to pins were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Fecal fluidity scores and respiratory condition were monitored daily. Intake of whole milk was similar between the groups (P>0.10). Although there was no significant difference in starter intakes (P>0.10), calves in MOS treatment consumed 19.9 % more calf starter than calves in control diet (499.2 vs. 416.5 g/d) for 26 to 46 d of age. BW gains for various age periods were unaffected by treatment (P>0.10). However, calves in MOS treatment gained 11.2 % more BW than calves in control diet (627.4 vs. 564.2 g/d) from 26 to 46 d of age. Skeletal growth and feed efficiencies were similar for calves in both groups. No respiratory problems in calves in both groups occurred during the experiment. Fecal fluidity scores, percent calf days with scours and percent calf days treated for scours were unaffected by treatment (P>0.10). However, calf scours was a common problem especially during the first 3 weeks of the experiment. The reason for this may have been that calf scours had been a common problem at the location of the experiment for many years. This suggests that there must have been a significant enteric challenge for calves at this location. Even under these stressful conditions, MOS in whole milk did not elicit an improvement in enteric health in the circumstances of this location. Although there were no significant differences between the groups, the results suggest that starter intake and consequently BW gain from 26 to 46 d of age tended to be improved in calves in MOS group compared with calves in control group.
The objective of this experiment was to estimate in situ effective crude protein degradability (EPD) with Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) parameters [crude protein fractions (A, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and C) and degradable protein intake value (DIP) values] of six energyrich feedstuffs. Four cereals: maize, wheat, barley, rye and two wheat middling (WM-1 and WM-2) were tested. The in situ effective protein degradability (EPD) was calculated using the nylon bag method where the test feedstuffs incubated in the rumen of three Tahirova wethers. The EPD's were estimated as EPD2, EPD5 and EPD8 assuming rumen outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h -1 . The crude protein fractions i.e. A=NPN, B 1 =fast, B 2 =intermediate, B 3 =slow and C=not fermented and unavailable to the animal were calculated using the soluble protein (SolP), the non-protein nitrogen (NPN, % of SolP), the neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) and the acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP=C) values of feedstuffs based on CNCPS. Then, DIP was calculated by using CNCPS crude protein fractions, degradation rate of B fractions (Kd) and coefficients of outflow rate on the different levels of dry matter intake (Kp): (DIP 1X =at 1x maintenance level of intake, DIP 2x =at 2x maintenance level of intake, and DIP 3x =at 3x maintenance level of intake). It was found that there was a significant multiple regression relation between the EPD8 (g/kg DM) and crude protein fractions (g/kg DM) (R 2 =0.96, n=18, P<0.001), and simple regression relation between the EPD8 (g/kg DM) and DIP 3X (g/kg DM) (R 2 =0.98, n=18, P<0.001). These regression relations did not improve when the different rumen outflow rates were used to estimate EPD. In conclusion, we claimed that in situ effective protein degradation (EPD) can be reliably and accurately predicted from CP fractions and DIP values in cereals and wheat middling. Keywords: Nylon bag method, CNCPS parameters, Protein degradation, Energy-rich feedstuffs Ruminantlarda Enerjice Zengin Yem Hammaddelerin In Situ Etkin Ham Protein Yıkımlanabilirliklerinin Cornell Net Karbonhidrat ve Protein Sistemi Kullanılarak Tahmin Edilmesi ÖzetBu çalışma, enerjice zengin altı adet yem hammaddesinin ruminantlarda in situ etkin ham protein yıkımlanabilirliklerinin (EPD), Cornell Net Karbonhidrat and Protein Sistemi (CNCPS) parametreleri [ham protein fraksiyonları (A, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and C) ve tüketilen parçalanabilir protein (DIP)] kullanılarak belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın yem materyali mısır, buğday, arpa, çavdar ile iki farklı buğday kepeğinden (WM-1 ve WM-2) oluşturulmuştur. Yem hammaddelerinin in situ etkin ham protein yıkımlanabilirlikleri (EPD), üç adet Tahirova koçu kullanılarak nylon kese tekniği ile belirlenmiştir. EPD değerleri (EPD2, EPD5 and EPD8) 0.02, 0.05 ve 0.08 s -1 rumenden geçiş hızı katsayılarında hesaplanmıştır. Ham protein fraksiyonları A=NPN, B 1 =Hızlı, B 2 =Orta, B 3 =Yavaş ve C=yararlanılamayan protein, CNCPS ile tahıllar ve buğday kepeklerinin çözünebilir protein (SolP), protein t...
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