Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged as an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from mild to severe life-threatening infections. Therefore, a reliable detection of such strains is required for effective treatment.
Background
Tuberculin skin test (TST) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction of latent TB infected patients and BCG vaccinated individuals. It is recommended for screening of mycobacterium infection in many countries. Kassala state in eastern Sudan is known as the highest pulmonary TB endemic region in Sudan. Little data is available on the TST reactivity among school children in Kassala. This activity aimed to measure the prevalence of TST reactivity among school children in Kassala as indictor for exposure and response to BCG vaccination.
Method
Five tuberculin units of PPD were injected intradermally in the left forearm of 2600 children aged 5-15 years attending governmental basic schools in Kassala. BCG scar, child health and nutrition status were assessed before the test. The reactivity of TST was read for 2568 children after 48- 72 hours, interpreted at different cut-off level based on published guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS (V. 20.0)
Results
Tuberculin reactivity was measured to 2568 out of the 2600, 32 were absent during the measurement. Most of children 2100 (81.8%) had no reaction with TST (no induration). Four hundred and sixty eight (18.2%) had induration ranged from 1mm to 28 mm with mean 3.1mm ±3.29, among them, 17 cases had induration ranged from 10- 28mm. prevalence of BCG scar was 1688 (64.9%). TST reactivity was statistically associated with geographical localities, child gender, and age (P<0.001). High percentage of TST reactivity was recorded in females (65.8%) compared to males (34.1%). Furthermore, TST reactivity was increased with the age, among the strong positive reaction, 9/17 were in age 13-15 years. Also TST reactivity was statistically correlated with nutrition and socioeconomic status ((P<0.001). TST reactivity was not affected by BCG vaccine (P>0.05).
Conclusion
The study provides data on BCG vaccination coverage in Kassala state, the prevalence of non reactivity of TST. No effect of BCG vaccine on reactivity of TST, hence it can be used as the diagnostic tool for detection of LTBI in children. Different confounding factors were associated with TST reactivity including child age, gender and nutrition status, health and socioeconomic status.
This study was designed to investigate the possibility of infection via food with pathogenic organisms. It was carried out in the city Omdurman in Khartoum States during the period from December 2015 to November 2019. The objectives of the study were to identify the causative intestinal parasites in the examined individuals. A total of 600 stool specimens and 256 vegetables samples were examined. fecal samples were observed macroscopically for the consistency and presence of mucus, blood, worm larvae and cestodes segments. The samples were then examined by wet smear and formal - ether concentration technique. A bout 200 -300 grams of each vegetable and fruit were washed in 50 ml of sterile normal saline and filtrate was centrifuged then sediment was examined microscopically. Result showed that the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites microscopically was found to be 179/600(29.8%). Entamoeba histolytica cyst was reported in mothers 28 (62.2%) as twofold as in children 13 (28.9%), while in food handlers was recorded in 4(8.9%). Gardia Lamblia was more dominated in mothers 48(58.5%) as twice as seen in children 24 (29.3%), whereas in food a handler was noted in 10(12.2%). Taenia spp was found only in mothers 5 (71.4%) and children 2 (28.6%). Moreover, Ascaris lumbricoides was also seen in mothers 11(61.1%) and children 7 (38.9%). Among the examined vegetables and fruits samples, G.lamblia found to be the most dominated parasite 26 (66.7%), followed by E. histolytica 8 (20.5%) and A.lumbrucoides 5 (12.8%) respectively. In conclusion, the overall of the prevalence intestinal parasites was more pronounced among mothers and their children's. G. Lamblia and E. histolytica were the most predominated parasites seen microscopically among participants. Mothers should be examined periodically for their health status regarding intestinal parasites to increase the awareness prompt detection.
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