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This article reviews the extensive literature on how to respond to the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of instrumental variables on the correlation between domestic savings and investment. I consider two financial frictions: the economic system and the bank features. I find that the dynamic panel model with instrumental variables produces a savingsinvestment correlation and that information technology generates capital flows to ensure that countries have an incentive to develop. The findings emphasise the potential benefits associated with developing prospects and capital flow in an increasingly competitive emerging market.

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The main purpose of the paper is utilizing a new tool to measure the marginal benefits of information technology on productivity based upon identifying the two-stage best practice frontier. This study utilizes value-chain data envelopment analysis to investigate the effects of Information Technology and the trading activities of financial derivatives on the technical efficiency of a bank's production process through a two-stage analytical study with a firm-level data set. We find the impact of indicators related to capital adequacy ratios, exchange rate volatility, interest rate volatility, and long-term loans in relation to capital and ownership structure. Technical efficient precedes a reduction in problem loans, concentration of the operating units and developing information technology and utilization of financial derivatives. This paper provides a theoretical rationale and conceptualizing risk factors with environmental uncertainty. The innovation variables are determinants of the bank efficiency on Basel III Accord.

Entrenchment of private benefits by the CEO or dominant owners can lead corporations to avoid riskier but more private benefits resulting in greater idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading. Using a unique database of 806 listed firms, we investigate the impact of CEO compensation and corporate governance on idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading. We find strong and robust evidence that equity-based (fixed income) CEO compensation is negatively (positively) related to volatility and information trading. Incorporating an agent principal-principal perspective into our models of managerial discretion provides us with an accurate prediction of how the proportion of CEO compensation and the degree of entrenchment will influence risk-taking decisions as well as how equitybased compensation interacts with related-party transaction and ownership dispersion to influence stock volatility. Finally, we find that idiosyncratic volatility and information flow trading are also affected by CEO compensation and corporate governance, which act as instrumental variables, while subject to environmental variants and the jointly determined.