Covalent-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (CF-GNPs) inside a circular heated-pipe and the subsequent pressure decrease loss within a fully developed turbulent flow were discussed in this research. Four samples of nanofluids were prepared and investigated in the ranges of 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%. Different tools such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), ultraviolet-visible-spectrophotometer (UV-visible), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential, and nanoparticle sizing were used for the data preparation. The thermophysical properties of the working fluids were experimentally determined using the testing conditions established via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations that had been designed to solve governing equations involving distilled water (DW) and nanofluidic flows. The average error between the numerical solution and the Blasius formula was ~4.85%. Relative to the DW, the pressure dropped by 27.80% for 0.025 wt.%, 35.69% for 0.05 wt.%, 41.61% for 0.075 wt.%, and 47.04% for 0.1 wt.%. Meanwhile, the pumping power increased by 3.8% for 0.025 wt.%, 5.3% for 0.05 wt.%, 6.6% for 0.075%, and 7.8% for 0.1 wt.%. The research findings on the cost analysis demonstrated that the daily electric costs were USD 214, 350, 416, 482, and 558 for DW of 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%, respectively.

Nanosecond pulses of Nd:YAG laser were employed to produce silver and silicon nanoparticles by laser ablation process in liquid. Two Nd:YAG laser systems of 6 and 10 nanoseconds pulse duration with variable laser energy in the range 700–760 mJ were employed. Morphological investigation using AFM and TEM reveals the formation of silver and silicon nanoparticles with uniform size distribution. It is found that mean nanoparticles sizes of 50 and 70 nm for silver and silicon, respectively, are produced under similar laser parameters. Moreover, theoretical model was used to estimate the temperature distributions for both silver and silicon nanoparticles. It is also found that the maximum temperature of about 50 k K° and 70 k K° for silver and silicon nanoparticles, respectively, is generated when Nd:YAG of 10 ns is used to prepare nanoparticles. Zeta potential measurements reveal that silver nanoparticles are more stable than those of silicon prepared by similar conditions.

No abstract

Cupper nanoparticles are generated by using Nd:YAG laser nanosecond pulses using the liquid laser ablation technique. Nd:YAG of 6 and 10 nanoseconds pulse length with variable energy in the range are the two systems used (700-760 mJ ).The formation of cupper nanoparticles has been abolished using TEM with identical size distribution   It has also been observed that when identical laser parameters are used, the average nanoparticles sizes of 80 and 120 nm  for cupper  are used.Furthermore, to approximate the temperature distributions for both cupper nanoparticles, the theoretical Mie-Gans model was used. Another factor that has been found is that the maximum temperature for gold nanoparticles is between (1000 K) and (1400 K), especially for the preparation of nanoparticles in the presence of 10 ns Nd:YAG.

Gold nanoparticles are produced by employed nanosecond pulses of Nd:YAG laser using laser ablation process in liquid. The two systems used are Nd:YAG of 6 and 10 nanoseconds pulse duration with variable energy in the range (700-760 mJ ). The formation of gold nanoparticles has been rerealed using TEM with uniform size distribution. Also, it has been discovered that the mean nanoparticles sizes of 70 and 100 nm for gold respectively when similar laser parameters are used. In addition, theoretical Mie-Gans model was used to estimate the temperature distributions for both gold nanoparticles. Another aspect that has been discovered is that the maximum temperature of about (40 k K° ) and (60 k K°) for gold nanoparticles, especially to prepare nanoparticles in the presence of Nd:YAG of 10 ns.