Stomata are turgor-driven microscopic epidermal valves of land plants. The controlled opening and closing of the valves are essential for regulating the gas exchange and minimizing the water loss and eventually regulating the internal temperatures. Stomata are also a major site of pathogen/microbe entry and plant defense system. Maintaining proper stomatal density, distribution, and development are pivotal for plant survival. Arabidopsis is a model plant to study molecular basis including signaling pathways, transcription factors, and key components for the growth and development of specific organs as well as the whole plant. It has intensively been studied and found out the driver for the development and patterning of stomata. In this review, we have explained how the MAPK signaling cascade is controlled by TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) receptor-like protein and the Erecta (ER) receptor-like kinase family. We have also summarized how this MAPK cascade affects primary transcriptional regulators to finally activate the main three basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) principal transcription factors, which are required for the development and patterning of stomata. Moreover, regulatory activity and cellular connections of polar proteins and environmentally mediated ligand-receptor interactions in the stomatal developmental pathways have extensively been discussed in this review.
The world experienced the outbreak of a new pandemic disease in 2019, known as coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The respiratory system is the organ system most commonly affected by COVID-19; however, several other organ systems have been reported to be affected. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA found in infected stub samples can cause lung contagion by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor of the alveolar epithelial cells. The gut microbiota (GM) promote immunity, indicating that the alignment of the microbiota and corresponding metabolic processes in COVID-19 can help to identify novel biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for this disease. The cause of kidney damage in COVID-19 patients is possibly multifactorial, involving a complex mechanism that involves complement dysregulation and thrombotic microangiopathy, as well as the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” syndrome, which are immune responses that are abandoned and dysfunctional with unfavorable prognosis in severe COVID-19 cases. Furthermore, COVID-19 involves a continuous proliferation and activation of macrophages and lymphocytes. SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to the ACE-2 receptor expressed in the cerebral capillary endothelial cells that can invade the blood-brain wall, to penetrate the brain parenchyma. However, in the ongoing pandemic, there has been a surge in studies on a wide range of topics, including causes of respiratory failure, asymptomatic patients, intensive care patients, and survivors. This review briefly describes the damaging effects of COVID-19 on vital human organs and the inhibitory function of the ACE-2 receptor on the GM, which causes gut dysbiosis, and thus, this review discusses topics that have an opportunity for further investigation.
Indigenous germplasms are the excellent sources of diversity, however, they are prone to genetic erosion, therefore exploration of genetic variability in indigenous germplasm is an essential step for future breeding programs. Discovery of genetic mechanisms of the characters in landraces that could cope adverse situations is important for maintaining world-food supply. Here rice landraces were assessed for their genetic diversity and relatedness using morpho-physiological data and SSR markers and found significant variation among yield attributing features. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variability were higher for filled grains, whereas high heritability was found for plant height. Panicle number and 100-grain weight displayed significant relationships with yield. Phylogenetic clustering of the agro-morphological traits divided the germplasms into 8 clusters, whereas SSR marker yielded 10 clusters. Markers produced 138 alleles varying from 2 to 9 with 77.53% polymorphic allele having 3.69 alleles per locus (average). The polymorphic information content indices and observed number of alleles varied among markers with 0.649 (average), exhibiting RM336, RM316, and RM287 have the greatest potentiality in exploring genetic diversity among genotypes. The genotypes Dolkochu, Jolduba, BRRI Dhan-32, and Mokbul were present in a single cluster and showed wider variability, indicating their potentiality to be parents in hybridization programs in crop breeding. Population structure study demonstrated that the genotypes were structurally diverse that grouped the accessions into two sub-populations (K = 2). Twenty-one marker-trait associations (p < 0.05) for 8 characteristics were identified. These diverse germplasms and polymorphic trait-linked markers might be suitable for molecular breeding.
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