Nanomaterials play important role in performance of dye sensitized solar cells. In this paper, highly phase pure anatase TiO2 microspheres were synthesized using a low-cost hydrothermal route. Initially, X-ray diffraction studies and Raman spectroscopic analysis were carried out and the formation of tetragonal structure of TiO2 with the anatase phase was confirmed. The UV-Vis DRS studies showed the excellent reflectance and optical bandgap energy of 3.29 eV.The well-interconnected spherical nanoparticles with different sizes were examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis. The fabricated dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) composed of prepared TiO2 microspheres as photoanode exhibited a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) (η) of 5.4% as compared to commercial P25 with PCE of 3.6%. The higher Jsc (12.03 mA/cm 2 ) in the fabricated DSSC due to efficient dye loading capacity and high light-scattering property was also observed.
Magnetic levitation is a technique to suspend an object without any mechanical support. Position of the suspended object is generally detected by using Hall Effect or optical sensors. These sensors require additional mechanical fixtures making the system clumsy and less reliable. A magnetic levitation system without using such mechanical fixtures has been presented in this paper. Absence of additional fixtures to sense the position of the suspended object makes it very attractive for practical implementation.Position of the suspended object is sensed by measuring the change in inductance of the lifting magnet. Resonance method has been used for this purpose. Sliding mode control technique which is robust and easy to implement has been used. This technique also takes into account parameter variation and eliminates necessity of exact modeling. Simulation results show stabilization of the object even with wide variation in its mass. Chattering in the voltage applied to the lifting magnet has been reduced by introducing hysteresis in the control law.
Agricultural growth has been severely affected due to the constraints in irrigation-energy deficits. Due to the availability of abundant solar energy especially in India for all days, solar powered irrigation technology has been a promising alternative source compared to canonical electricity and diesel focused pumping systems. How to furnish an electric power suitable to drive an irrigation pump for agricultural purposes in isolated areas using solar PV panels is the problem. This project deals with solving a local irrigation problem in countries. In this proposed project a simple design of simulation and analysis of a PMSM fed by a solar PV, modelled through DC/DC converter controlled by a MPPT and for utilizing the power from Solar. Compared to all converters, luo converters is the advanced technology. POSL luo converter are of new DC-DC step-up converter. This POSL luo converter performs positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion. The hardware implementation has been done for positive output super-lift luo converter respectively.
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