Background: Brick kiln industries are usually located at remote locations due to which labors feel difficulties to even fulfill their basic needs. They are bound to buy their requirements from assigned suppliers. In order to receive treatment, labors don't find much of the options to choose. This study tends to examine the treatment seeking behavior and their level of treatment among brick kiln workers. Method: A structured interview and in-depth interviews were used for data. Data entry was done in SPSS version 23. Data was analyzed using STATA version 15. Result: Total of 450 respondents, 82.7% suffered from musculoskeletal disorder, and 53.8% suffered from respiratory disease and similar number of molders were suffering from aforementioned diseases. More than 30% of workers suffered from eye disease and skin disease in 36-50 years of age category. In the study, 95% workers were suffering from occupational morbidity. Out of which 92.5% reported utilization of outpatient care, whereas, 7% of non-users stated, primary reason for not using health care services were, low financial support, unawareness of health centers, tight working hours. Conclusion:The prevalence of occupational morbidity is high whereas, treatment seeking among workers are not satisfying. Treatment seeking among labors is found to be delayed and above all, labors are highly ignorant about symptoms. Due to low income, low education and skills, deprived workers are considered for low grade and poorly paid jobs in the kilns where they are victimized by their employer and ill treatment regarding salary and wages were also observed.
The prevalence of anaemia and its continuous growth, especially among women, is a global health concern. The present study aims to examine the prevalence of anaemia and its determinants in the North Eastern region of India. The study used secondary data from the National Family Health Survey 2015-2016 on women of reproductive age group in India. The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification and cluster sampling design for analysis. Binary logistic regression and multivariable regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with anaemia. Of the 65941 participants, 25993 (40%) had anaemia. High prevalence of mild or moderate anaemia was found among women with following socio-demographic characteristics: residing in the rural area (41.20%), having no education (43.07%), belonging to the low-income family (43.39%), having a well as source of drinking water (46.29%), using the traditional method of contraception (44.55%), underweight (42.18%) and those who had first delivery before 20 years of age (40.66%). Logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio) showed that women in the following categories were more likely to develop anaemia: in the age-group of 35-49 years, with no education, with poor wealth, having low nutrition levels; using traditional contraception and women who ate pulses or fish once a week. Alarming rates of anaemia (two in every five), found in the study, need effective strategies for fortification of iron supplement among women. Generation of mass awareness in this regard by utilizing the ongoing adolescent, maternal, child health and nutrition programmes will help in reducing the incidence of anaemia among women.
Background:The elderly population in India is expanding fast, which indicates a growing share of people with more specialized needs for health and support. One of the prominent issues is the choice of health care services among the elderly, leading to its impact on health expenditure. Under Andersen's Health Behavioral Model, this study attempts to examine the nature of interregional disparity in the choice of health care services, along with investigating the choice-making in hospitalization services between private and public sources among the elderly. Besides, this study also comprises the regional dynamics of geriatric health care utilization. Methods: The current study uses data from the NSS, 75th round. The difference between choice in healthcare utilization and inpatient out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure showed using the t-test and Z-test. The study also uses binary logistic regression analysis to explore the association of predisposing, enabling, and need factors with health services utilization. Results: The results suggest that the utilization of public facilities for inpatient services was very low, except in eastern and north-eastern states. Caste, education, monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE), and need for surgery were the main factors explaining the choice of either public or private facilities. Conclusion:The findings of the study stresses the need to provide suitable health facilities for India's senior population in the hospital, which may help policymakers better understand their health care needs.
Healthcare for Indian women needs prioritizing, as they continue to face social and economic discrimination over their healthcare, often with high out-of-pocket payments. The study examines the amount inpatient women have to pay for treatment of major diseases, re-classified into four groups as infectious, reproductive, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and disabilities & injuries, across the country to comprehend the extent of catastrophic health spending (CHS) they experienced. The study is based on India’s 75th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), i.e., Household Social Consumption: Health (2017-2018), consisting of 26,938 inpatient women aged 12 and above from India's urban and rural areas. We examine the prevalence of the four categories of diseases by individual, household, community, and healthcare characteristics. Expenditure estimates were derived from cross-tabulation, followed by binary logistic regression to assess the association between covariates and inpatient expenditures for the diseases. Indian women are more likely to be hospitalized for infectious diseases (43%), but the burden of CHS (overall) is highest for disabilities and injuries (INR 24,414), followed by NCDs (INR 23,053). Duration of hospitalization and possession of health insurance by women indicate maximum variation with medical spending. Almost 97% of women have incurred out-of-pocket expenditure on hospitalization, from which we identify three layers of CHS. A substantial proportion of women (23 to 50%) experienced CHS, i.e., up to 0-10%, 11-30%, and >30%, which varies distinctively by place of residence and across the six regions. Covariates like age, economic status, and healthcare are highly significant and associated with disease-wise CHS thresholds. Women in India face divergent financial hardships for healthcare. Given the heterogeneity of morbidities and socio-economic characteristics, the need for women-sensitive public health services and interventions are evident.
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