Bitcoin is a type of cryptocurrency and the most successful in blockchain management. It has become famous in recent years. The critical aspects of cryptocurrency are its legitimacy, source of money laundering, tax evasion, lack of regulation etc. The aim of this study is to explore the view of Muslim scholars on the legality of bitcoin with respect to Shariah. The study adopts doctrinal approach which utilizes descriptive approach of qualitative research methodology which relies on secondary data in form of text books, journals, newspapers, related websites etc. The study found that Muslim scholars are divided on the issue. A part of them completely rejected bitcoin and considered it against Shariah principles. On the other hand, some Muslim scholars believe bitcoin does not contradict Islamic principles and therefore may be used, however with certain conditions. The researchers tend to support the proponents’ view as most of the opponents’ grounds for the rejection are temporary in nature which may be covered through policy regulations.
This research paper explored the situation and challenges facing politically elected Councilors from different political parties on how to implementing accountability in multiparty politics. Accountability relationship plays an important role in understanding behavior and attitude of the local actors from different political institutional background, and experience towards implementation of accountability practices. Qualitative methods and approaches were utilized in data collection and analysis. The study adopted a case study approach where four (3) municipalities of Kinondoni, Temeke, and Ilala of the Dar es Salaam city council in Tanzania were involved in the study. The overall sample of 44 respondents involved in the study through in-depth interviews. Documentary review was considered necessary, where different documents complementarily to the study were rationally reviewed. The results of this research paper revealed that there was a poor relationship that resulted into accountability disagreement practice in most of political governance matters due to patronage politics and policy preferences. This research paper recommends reforms on accountability framework in Dar es Salaam municipalities.
The doctrine of good faith is a vital issue amongst the contractual issues of this period .It is considered a main goal of every recognized law of contract system to be promoting good faith as well as fair dealing in forming and performance of contracts. Basically, it has been a common argument in supporting the notion of good faith that it helps in addressing bad faith manner in a clear and direct conduct, allow the law to safeguard the realistic anticipations of women and men as well as encourage a philosophy of contractual collaboration that would lead to economic efficiency. This study looks into the concept of good faith from both the conventional law and Islamic law (Shariah) to find to what extent both laws comply with each other. The study is doctrinal which utilizes descriptive approach of qualitative research methodology which relies on secondary data in form of text books, journals, newspapers, related websites etc. The study found that both the conventional law and Islamic law support the principle of good faith. Shariah recognized the principle of good faith as it asks the parties in a contract to abide by the requirement in various stages of the contract, especially sale contract. Thus, the concept of good faith should have the same application in both Islamic and conventional jurisdictions.
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