Algae play an important role in all aquatic ecosystems by providing all living organisms of water bodies with preliminary nutrients and energy required. However, abnormal and excessive algal growth so-called algal bloom would be detrimental as much. Given the importance of algae in aquatic environment as well as their sensitivity to environmental changes, algal measurements are of key components of water quality monitoring programs. The algal blooms could include a variety of adverse impacts on environmental, social, cultural and economic environments. The present study is an overview on the algal growth, its mechanisms and mitigating strategies in aquatic ecosystems whereas in spite of the growing knowledge of human being of ecological, physiological, and functional conditions of eutrophication, a systematic understanding of algal blooms is still lacking.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of Echium amoenum plants on the liver and kidney of animal model. Background: Echium amoenum is one of the medicinal plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids with several properties which has widely consumed among different communities. Objective: The toxic effects of Echium amoenum on the liver and kidney were investigated in this study. Methods: Sixty mice were kept for 28 days under the appropriate laboratory conditions. Echium amoenum extract (25, 12.5, 50 mg / kg, ip.) was administered for 28 days. At the end of experiment, blood samples were drawn and liver and kidneys were removed for evaluating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of extract. Additionally, experiments were conducted to assay the enzymatic and oxidative activities. Results: There was no significant difference in the levels of copper ion in the liver and kidneys among all groups. There was a significant difference in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the liver of treated groups versus control group. The significant difference was not observed in the levels of glutathione of the liver of all groups. However, the levels of glutathione of the kidney significantly decreased in the treated groups versus control group. There was no significant difference in the liver enzymes including ALP, SGOT, and SGPT between all groups. This indicates that damage increase with enhancing the time and concentrations of extract. Biochemical analysis showed the creatinine and urea levels did not change in the treated groups versus control group. Conclusion: According to the present findings, it is suggested that Echium amoenum causes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity effects in dose and time dependent manner.
Introduction: Diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that annually causes four million deaths in the world. It is not just a disease, however a series of metabolic disorders caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Considering the importance of diet in the incidence and complications of diabetes, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary acid load with diabetes, which has recently been considered. Methods: This meta-analysis was first performed as a systematic review by searching in Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Springer, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Scopus, as well as domestic databases including Magiran, SID, Irandoc, and Google Scholar. A total of 1511 articles were found that after reviewing and excluding irrelevant articles, five were included in the study. Results: In the present study, a significantly high heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 61.5, P = 0.01). A random effect model was used and the studies were weighted using the inverse-variance method. The odds ratio (OR) obtained from the meta-analysis was 1.17 (1.12-1.22). Examination of publication bias showed that the studies were symmetrically distributed in the funnel plot. Egger’s and Begg’s tests were also performed that showed no evidence for the existence of publication bias [Egger’s test (P ≥ 0.79) and Begg’s test (P ≥ 0.69)]. Conclusion: The results of the present meta-analysis showed a significant relationship between dietary acid load and the incidence of diabetes. This result is similar to most studies on the subject, except for one study, which was limited to the elderly male population. The number of studies in the present meta-analysis was low due to the limited number of research in this field.
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