Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, generally known as butterfly ginger, butterfly lily, cinnamon jasmine, garland flower and ginger lily. It is a medicinal plant grown throughout India, Southeast Asian countries, China, Japan, and Brazil. Traditionally, it is used as a febrifuge, tonic, anti-rheumatic, used to treat asthma, headache, arthritis, bronchitis, blood diseases, eye diseases, gastric diseases, and many other diseases. H. coronarium contains important secondary metabolites such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, oxides, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, labdane diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Limonene, myrcene, p-cymene, camphene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-pinene, and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol have been identified as the main constituents of volatile oils of H. coronarium along with the key elements like trans-meta-mentha-2, 8-diene, linalool, α-terpineol, terpin-4-ol, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, and camphene. Phytochemical studies on various solvent extracts of H. coronarium revealed that the plant holds the diterpenes- coronarin-A-I, isocoronarin-D, pacovatin A; sesquiterpene- (+)-nerolidol, hedychiol A, hedychiol B 8,9-diacetate; sterols- daucosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and flavonoid- 5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavon, chrysin. Coronarin D, a bioactive compound, is reported for anti-cancer activities of H. coronarium. Diterpenes isolated from H. coronarium extracts and essential have been reported as antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, antihelmintic, mosquitocidal, larvicidal, antilithiatic, chemopreventive, antiophidian, insecticide, antifungal, allelopathic, and antimicrobial agent. Based on the literature, the essential oils, extracts and isolated active compounds of H. coronarium could be used to develop as flavor and fragrance agents, food preservatives, botanical pesticide, neutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review paper aims to go over traditional uses, phytochemical analysis, pharmacological activities, scientific techniques for variety development, conservation, and proper utilization and identify future opportunities for H. coronarium.
Background: Hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives have shown diverse biological activities, such as antitubercular (anti-TB), antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiprotozoal actions. Objectives: Hydrazide–hydrazones contain azomethine (–NH–N=CH–) group connected with carbonyl group and are believed to be responsible for various pharmaceutical applications. They aid in the synthesis of different five-membered heterocyclic systems, such as oxadiazole, triazoles, etc. Methods: In the present study, various hydrazines/hydrazones were synthesized starting from 4-amino benzoic acid derivatives. Structures of all 9 newly synthesized compounds (6a-6d and 8a-8e) were further characterized by using various spectroscopic methods, such as 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), etc. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis against the acyl-CoA carboxylase, AccD5 (PDB ID: 2A7S), was also carried out using the Glide module, which depicted good binding scores than standard drugs. The anti-tuberculosis activity of all the hydrazides and hydrazones (6a-6d and 8a-8e) were evaluated against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RV strain using the Alamar-Blue susceptibility (MABA) test. The activity was expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in µg/mL values. The antioxidant activity was also carried out using a DPPH assay. Results: Our findings demonstrated highly encouraging in-vitro results (MABA assay, MIC: 1.2 µg/mL) of hydrazones as depicted by good antimycobacterial activity. The antioxidant results showed a moderate to a good percentage of DPPH inhibition. Our in-silico ADMET analysis further suggested good pharmacokinetic and toxicity-free profiles of synthesized analogues (6a-6d and 8a-8e). Conclusion: Our results signify hydrazones/hydrazines as potential hit candidates against the future developments of potent and safer anti-TB agents.
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