One of the important considerations in a sensor network is energy consumption. Cluster-based routing protocols are often proposed to reduce energy consumption. However, clusters are vulnerable due to malicious nodes. Malicious nodes inject fake messages to cluster-header, which increases communication overhead and energy consumption. Secure cluster-based routing is one of the most required solutions to consume more energy during data transmission. In this study, the authors propose a secure cluster-based routing protocol (SCBRP) that uses adaptive particle swarm optimisation (PSO) with optimised firefly algorithms during data transmission in a wireless sensor network. The objective of this study is to minimise energy consumption over an individual node to improve the whole network lifetime. The proposed SCBRP is based on the hexagonal sensor network architecture, and it is designed by three processes to include energy-efficient clustering, secure routing, and security verification. The performance of the proposed SCBRP is evaluated using NS-3, and it is estimated by different metrics such as encryption time, decryption time, energy consumption, packet drop rate, and network lifetime. The simulation results are compared with the previous approaches and finally, the authors' proposed SCBRP is proved that it obtained better performance than previous approaches.
Network lifetime maximization is the primary challenge in the wireless sensor network (WSN) due to its resource limitations. E 2 R 2 routing algorithm uses a hierarchical WSN model to minimize energy consumption in the WSN. However, it increases complexity, time consumption, and energy consumption due to the hierarchical model. To resolve these problems, this paper proposes a novel ring partitioned based MAC (RP-MAC) protocol for the energy-efficient WSN with a mobile sink node. Energy efficiency is achieved by the following phases: clustering phase, MAC scheduling phase, data aggregation phase, and routing phase. Clustering phase is initiated by a weighted Voronoi diagram (WVD) algorithm by assigning a weight value for each node. Energy consumption due to idle listening is minimized by enabling novel RP-MAC scheduling in each cluster. Involvement of RP-MAC protocol also achieves collision-free data transmission in the network. A two-fold data aggregation (TFDA) scheme is proposed for the data aggregation phase to minimize energy consumption by reducing the number of transmissions. Routing phase supports both intra-cluster routing and inter-cluster routing. For intra-cluster routing, a hybrid chicken swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. For inter-cluster routing, position-based routing tree is constructed based on the sink node's position. Our proposed RP-MAC protocol minimizes energy consumption in all possible ways for improving the network lifetime. Extensive simulation in ns-3 shows that the RP-MAC protocol achieves promising results in the following performance metrics: the number of dead nodes, average energy consumption, network lifetime, and throughput.INDEX TERMS Voronoi diagram, data aggregation, MAC protocol, intra-cluster routing, inter-cluster routing, mobile sink.
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