Rice is a major food crop for the people of the world. The role of rice is inevitable in the current and future global food security. It is the number one staple food crop in Nepal and contributes significantly to livelihood of majority of people and to the national economy. This article reviews global rice production scenarios; figures out global Mega Rice Environments (MREs) and based on these analyses, the authors developed Nepal's Rice Production Environments (RPEs). The Asian countries dominate the global rice production. India has the largest area of rice cultivation. China is the world's largest producer of rice. Rice productivity is highest in Japan. Rice is cultivated in diverse agro-ecosystems. Rice environments are classified mainly based on land types (upland vs. lowland) and water regimes (irrigated and rainfed). The MREs of the world are classified into seven categories (Four irrigated, two rainfed and one for deep water rice). A total of nine RPEs were identified for Nepal-six under irrigated and three under rainfed conditions. The findings of this study are useful for rice researchers, producers and policy makers.
A study was conducted to examine cost structure and economic feasibility of rubber production in Jhapa district. It also aimed to assess determinants of increment in acreage of rubber cultivation in the study area. A total of sixty two rubber growers were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed with pre-tested semi structured schedule on the month of March, 2019. Study revealed that the total cost of natural rubber production per hectare of rubber orchard was 499774.8 NRs. /year. It was found to be economically viable and cost effective as indicated by satisfactory values of Benefit Cost Ratio (1.5), Net Present Value of NRs. 686547 at a discount rate of 12 percent and Internal Rate of Return 18 percent. Probit model revealed that trainings received, experience of rubber farming, ethnicity and membership in community organizations were significant factors that positively affected farmers’ decision in expanding rubber cultivation area. Received trainings solely could increase probability of acreage increment by 36.9 percent. Thus, it is recommended that extension services like training, farmers’ field school, and farm visits should be intensified for increment of profitability from rubber farming in Jhapa, Nepal.
The study was conducted from February to May, 2019 to assess the status of farm mechanization of Rice cultivation in Ratuwamai municipality Morang, District Nepal. Altogether 80 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling technique from the sampling frame of 400 populations. Pre-tested interview schedule, Focus Group Discussion(FGD) and key informant survey (KIS) were used to collect primary information from the respondents ,while secondary information were collected by reviewing different relevant publications to find out the mechanization activities conducted in rice cultivation, perception of farmers regarding farm mechanization and the constraints and factors affecting adoption of agri- mechanical equipment .The data were processed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through MS-excel and SPSS .Chi-square test was done to test the significance difference between dependent and independent variables. The result of the study shows majority of the respondent were male, and majority were involved in agriculture as their major occupation. Majority of the respondents were found literate and very few respondents were involved in commercial farming. The study reveals about eighty percent of the respondents were adopter of machineries. During nursery preparation and transplantation no any machineries were employed, during land preparation 86.25 percent respondents have adopted machineries. The harvesting stage was found more mechanized than other stage as 68.75 percent respondents use machines. The use of thresher and combine harvester was found more common during this stage. Chi-square test shows the association between adoption level of machineries with training, subsidies and education level has positive and significant relationship. Regarding perception sixty five percent respondents found mechanical method more beneficial and fifty five percent use unskilled manpower during rice cultivation. Only 22.5 percent respondents had their own machines and majority use machine based on pre-booking. Agriculture knowledge centre (AKS) was found as major source of information on mechanization. Among many constraints during adoption of machinery high land fragmentation was agreed by majority of the respondents. The study revealed that, among the production problems, unavailability of quality seeds and fertilizers in required quantity and time appeared as the most important production problem followed by lack of subsidy on irrigation, disease and pest infestation, lack of technical guidance and labour shortage was appeared as least problem.
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