A continuous ambulatory activity monitor allows objective measurement of the amount and intensity of physical activity. We examined the reliability and validity of this device in the assessment of seven aspects of function over a period of 24 hours in 20 patients who had undergone limb salvage or amputation for a tumour in the leg. The test-retest reliability was determined by undertaking identical assessments on two separate days. The measurements were compared with other indicators of functional status and quality of life in order to determine the validity of the monitor. Its reliability was satisfactory, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.65 to 0.91. Significant correlations were seen between the 'time spent walking' and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society rating scales and the Rand-36 physical functioning score. There was also a significant association between the 'movement intensity during walking' and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score. The satisfactory reliability and validity of the monitor shows considerable promise for its use as a device for measuring physical activity objectively in patients after surgery for limb-salvage or an amputation.
A continuous ambulatory activity monitor allows objective measurement of the amount and intensity of physical activity. We examined the reliability and validity of this device in the assessment of seven aspects of function over a period of 24 hours in 20 patients who had undergone limb salvage or amputation for a tumour in the leg. The test-retest reliability was determined by undertaking identical assessments on two separate days. The measurements were compared with other indicators of functional status and quality of life in order to determine the validity of the monitor. Its reliability was satisfactory, with intraclass correlation coef cients ranging from 0.65 to 0.91. Signi cant correlations were seen between the 'time spent walking' and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society rating scales and the Rand-36 physical functioning score. There was also a signi cant association between the 'movement intensity during walking' and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score. The satisfactory reliability and validity of the monitor shows considerable promise for its use as a device for measuring physical activity objectively in patients after surgery for limb-salvage or an amputation.
Breast cancer has become the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, overtaking lung cancer. The Present study attempts to investigate the use of D2 -40 for the detection of lympho- vascular invasion in node negative breast cancer. Additionally the lympho-vascular invasion using D2 -40 and its association with distant metastasis and overall prognosis of the patient was also explored.
Breast cancer is the one of the most frequent neoplasm in women. In the last decades, detection of disease in earlier clinical stages has improved prognosis, however five-year disease-free survival still remains at about 72%. For this reason, continuing efforts to establish reliable prognostic markers are made. The presence of lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. Studies show that D2-40 immuno-stain demonstrated a significant higher detection of LVI as compared with routine H&E staining in early breast cancer. LVI is associated with axillary lymph node metastases and a long-term prognostic factor. A precise identification of LVI would have a strong clinical impact for breast cancer patients. In this study, we aim to demonstrated.
LVI as a significant predictor of poor prognosis in patients with lymph node- negative patients with primary invasive breast cancer and its association with other known parameters such as tumour size, tumour grade, nodal metastasis and age.
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