Objectives: Estimate the rate of anxiety disorders (AD) and associated factors among patients with substance use disorder (SUD) in Lebanon. Methods: A cross-sectional study, conducted between April and September 2017, enrolled 57 inpatients with SUD. Results: The rate of AD in patients with SUD was 61.4%. The university level of education compared to the primary level of education (ORa = 0.221) was significantly associated with lower anxiety among patients with SUD. Being sexually abused and having a family history of depression tended to significance. Practical Implications: AD is widespread in Lebanon and high rates of anxiety in patients with SUD were found, warranting the implementation of strategic interventions and establishing national policies and legislation for mental health services to provide optimal care. K E Y W O R D S addiction, anxiety disorder, risk factors, substance use disorder 1 | INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorders (AD) are among the most commonly occurring mental disorders worldwide, estimated to have a lifetime prevalence up to 33% 1 and a global prevalence ranging from 4.8 to 10.9%. 2 In Lebanon, 11.2% of the people suffer from an anxiety disorder, which represents around 560 000 inhabitants out of a total of about 5 million. 3,4 Lebanon witnessed a series of wars, local armed combats, and terrorist attacks, 5 in addition to a series of crises including clean water penury, electrical power failure, and waste management problems that had overwhelmed the country. 5 Moreover, a high number of Syrian refugees had led to high levels of unemployment and competition for employment with locals. This is concurrent with the lack of public awareness about these Souheil Hallit and Fouad Tahan are last co-authors. This work has been done in the frame of the "Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Master 2 Program," Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University.

Our objective was to assess factors associated with the physical (Short-Form 12–physical component summary [SF-12-PCS]) and mental (Short-Form 12–mental component summary [SF-12-MCS]) quality of life (QOL) in the Lebanese population. A cross-sectional study, conducted between July and September 2017, enrolled 57 patients with substance use disorder from the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross. The SF-12 scale was used to assess the QOL among participants. A first stepwise linear regression, using the SF-12-PCS score as the dependent variable, showed that females compared with males (β = −4.86) and having a family history of substance use disorder (β = −4.70) were associated with lower physical QOL (lower SF-12-PCS scores). A second stepwise linear regression, using the SF-12-MCS score as the dependent variable, showed that having a generalized anxiety disorder (β = −10.52) and having suicidal ideation (β = −8.05) were associated with lower mental QOL (lower SF-12-MCS scores). Strategic interventions are needed to manage the health-related QOL in those with substance abuse.

Purpose Establishing the reliability of a new method to check the mean retinal and choroidal reflectivity and using it to find retinal and choroid changes in amblyopia. Methods Design: Retrospective case-control. Population: 28 subjects of which 10 were healthy controls (20 eyes): 8 with refractive errors, 1 with strabismus, and 1 with both. 18 patients with unilateral amblyopia included: 7 anisometropic, 6 isoametropic, 1 strabismic, and 4 combined. Mean participants’ age: 13.77 years ± 10.28. Observation procedures: SD-OCT and ImageJ. Main outcome measure: mean reflectivity of retinal and choroid layers. Amblyopic, fellow, and healthy eyes were compared. Results The method of measuring reflectivity is good to excellent reliability for all regions of interest except the fourth. The mean reflectivity of the choriocapillaris and Sattler’s layer in amblyopic eyes were significantly lower than in healthy eyes (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008 respectively). The RNFL reflectivity was lower than that of fellow eyes (p = 0.025). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences between amblyopic and healthy eyes for choriocapillaris (p = 0.018) and Sattler’s (p = 0.035), and between amblyopic and fellow eyes for RNFL (p = 0.039). Conclusion A decrease in reflectivity of the choriocapillaris and Sattler’s in amblyopic compared to healthy eyes, and a decrease in reflectivity of the RNFL in the amblyopic compared to fellow eyes, indicate that the pathophysiology is partly peripheral and might be bilateral.