A systematic survey of rock art and associated archaeological features in the Jubbah oasis provides evidence of Holocene occupation from the early Holocene to the present. In total 1249 panels with rock art and inscriptions, and 159 archaeological sites, were recorded on twelve different jebels. Analyses of rock art content and engraving stratigraphy indicate that the iconic Jubbah style had a long tradition among pre-pastoral hunters and continued to be used by early herders.We also identify a distinct body of rock art that pre-dates the Jubbah style and may be associated with a nearby Epipalaeolithic site. Our systematic dataset identifies a body of Bronze Age rock art that is further supported by the material culture and radiocarbon dates obtained from the remains of disturbed cairns. The wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aae Arab Arch Epig. 2017;28:138-152.
Aim
Our knowledge of the prehistoric distribution of animal species is so far largely dependent on the location of excavated archaeological and palaeontological sites. In the absence of excavated faunal remains, many species that were present in the Levant and North Africa have been assumed to have been absent on the Arabian Peninsula. Here, we explore representations of four species that were identifiable in the rock art, but had not previously been reported in north‐western Arabia.
Location
Jubbah and Shuwaymis UNESCO world heritage rock art sites in Ha'il province, north‐western Saudi Arabia.
Methods
In total, the rock art panels surveyed and recorded in Jubbah and Shuwaymis contain 6,618 individual animal depictions. Species were identified based on diagnostic features of the anatomy. The resulting dataset was then compared to the faunal spectrum reported in the (archaeo)zoological literature.
Results
The rock art dataset provides evidence that the distributions of lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), wild camel and African wild ass (Equus africanus) extended into the north‐west of Arabia and that the engravers may have had knowledge of aurochs (Bos primigenius).
Main conclusions
The presence of previously undocumented mammal species in Arabia provides new information regarding their distribution, as well as the types of habitat and vegetation that were available in prehistoric landscapes. Moreover, the presence of kudu on the Arabian Peninsula indicates that the identification of palaeo‐distributions based exclusively on faunal remains may miss key species in the Afro‐Eurasian faunal exchange.
Assyrian and Babylonian medical texts written in cuneiform from the first millennium BCE provide a window onto how symptoms and illness were understood. Akkadian medical language employs various strategies to convey aspects of an illness experience, including metaphor, which may provide one way of conceptually organising the experience of illness and filling in blanks in existing knowledge. One metaphor that appears in medical therapeutic texts is a low heart, often phrased as "his heart is low," to denote a depressed state. This article will explore references to this symptom to determine if depression is an appropriate translation and, if so, whether this metaphor can provide clues as to how depression may have been physically experienced.
Hopkins is also the inspiration for H.'s own 'sprung rhythm', the elastic interchange of stressed and unstressed syllables Hopkins used to imitate natural speech. In rendering Ovid's elegies, she creates a pliant distich with six stressed syllables in the first line (hexameter) followed by five in the second (pentameter). Her metrical scheme is basically iambicwith its variations on da DUM, or da da DUM, or even da da da DUMthough H. says she prefers to compose 'in DUMs, not in feet' (p. xvii). The result is a brisk and buoyant translation, such as at Ars 1.101-2: Primus sollicitos fecisti, Romule, ludos, Cum iuvit viduos rapta Sabina viros. Thus, You, Rómulus, first made the games a scene of turmoil, when ravished Sabines cheered up wifeless men. In H.'s verse-scheme this should be read: thus YOU, ROMulus, FIRST made the GAMES a SCENE of TURmoil, when RAVished SABines CHEERed up WIFEless MEN.
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