From a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia the pattern of growth of the airways, alveoli, and pulmonary arteries of both lungs, each hypoplastic, has been analysed quantitatively. The impairment of growth for each type of structure is not necessarily the same and differs in each lung. Airway and alveolar numbers are both greatly reduced, although the latter are more nearly normal when related to the number of terminal bronchioli in the lung. In each lung the size of the pulmonary artery at the hilum is appropriate to the lung volume but small for the age of the child. Muscle is found in much smaller arteries than is normal but not to a more peripheral level. The way the lungs in a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia might grow after surgical correction of the hernia is discussed and a plea made for respiratory physiological studies in such cases.

Introduction: A kind of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, shows antitumor activity in experimental animals. One clinical trial using L. casei showed a significant decrease in the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. So, to assess the preventive effect of the intake of L. casei, widely taken as fermented milk products in Japan, against bladder cancer, we conducted a case-control study. Methods: A total of 180 cases (mean age: 67 years, SD 10) were selected from 7 hospitals, and 445 population-based controls matched by gender and age were also selected. Interviewers asked them 81 items. The conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR). Results: The OR of smoking was 1.61 (95% confidence interval: 1.10–2.36). Those of previous (10–15 years ago) intake of fermented milk products were 0.46 (0.27–0.79) for 1–2 times/week and 0.61 (0.38–0.99) for 3–4 or more times/week, respectively. Conclusion: It was strongly suggested that the habitual intake of lactic acid bacteria reduces the risk of bladder cancer.

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Treatment with 50 mg mirabegron once daily effectively relieves overactive bladder symptoms in women with fewer adverse events than treatment with antimuscarinics.