Background/aim: To evaluate the economic burden of intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications on Egyptian patients with glaucoma, in addition to studying the social grounds of glaucoma education. Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study, the clinical and socioeconomic data were collected from 68 glaucomatous patients who were attending the outpatient clinics of Cairo University Hospital, through interviews, questionnaires, and clinical examinations. Results: Patients had a mean IOP of 22.9 mm Hg (SD 11.5). Just under half the patients had an IOP of over 30 mmHg although 88% were on medical treatment; average of 2.1 medications (SD 0.8). Patients had been spending 79.5 LE (SD 95.3) on glaucoma medications a month, which equals 30.1% of their monthly income. Forty per cent of patients did not know that glaucoma causes blindness. The primary source of knowledge about glaucoma for 79.4% of patients was the ophthalmologist. Conclusion: The lack of control of IOP is probably related to the economic burden associated with glaucoma medications. 'Glaucoma education' is an important issue to both the treating ophthalmologist and the patient.
Background: The Arab states suffer from high levels of corruption. The UNDP's team there developed an approach to tackle corruption and enhance transparency and accountability in healthcare as part of its broader efforts to support the Sustainable Development Goals. This work evolved into a proper tool, the Conceptual Framework for Corruption Risk Assessment at Sectoral Level (hereafter 'Framework'), with implementation guides that enable tailoring to sector and country context. Objectives: This article documents the development of the Framework, its methodology and observed added value. Methods: Qualitative methods were utilized comprising desk research, field experience, stakeholder outreach, and focus group observation and documentation. It was most appropriate because the objective was to develop a methodology with specific characteristics. Results: The new approach uses anti-corruption as an explicit entry point to governance reforms. It articulates a structured evidence-based method to apply risk management methodologytailored to the specificities of corruption as a riskin healthcare whereby assessment and mitigation are (a) within institutions (b) focused on decision points and (c) around transactions while bringing together health and anti-corruption communities towards designing measurable results-oriented reforms. Conclusions: The Framework may be effective in driving concrete governance reform efforts that demonstrably reduce corruption by means of creating a common language and agenda among different stakeholders, changing the mindset towards reform, and developing targeted solutions with higher return on investment. As such, it may be capable of generating observable and sustainable progress towards healthcare reform. ARTICLE HISTORY
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