Aims: To examine the visual outcome and identify risk factors for postoperative uveitis, macular oedema and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with uveitis. Method: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of 101 eyes of 101 patients. One eye was randomly selected for inclusion in patients who had bilateral surgery. Patients with juvenile arthritis, keratouveitis and lymphoma-associated uveitis were excluded. Results: At the first postoperative and final visits, visual acuity was significantly better (p,0.001), and 64.4% and 71.3% of patients, respectively, had achieved >2 Snellen's lines of visual improvement. The cumulative probability of doubling of the visual angle was 52% over 6 years of follow-up, and this occurred at a higher rate in the presence of preoperative retinal or optic nerve lesions (HR (95% CI) 4.49 (1.41 to 14.29)). Within 3 months after operation, uveitis was more likely to develop in female patients (OR (95% CI) 6.21 (1.41 to 27.43)) and in the presence of significant intraoperative posterior synechiae (OR (95% CI) 8.43 (1.09 to 65.41)); macular oedema was more likely to develop in patients who developed postoperative uveitis (OR (95% CI) 7.45 (1.63 to 34.16)). Nd:YAG capsulotomy occurred at a higher rate in patients aged (55 years (HR (95% CI) 2.28 (1.06, 4.93)) and in those with hydrogel IOLs (HR (95% CI) 3.71 (1.04 to 13.20)), and occurred at a lower rate in patients who had prophylactic systemic corticosteroids (HR (95% CI) 0.25 (0.11 to 0.59)), with plate-haptic silicone IOLs (HR (95% CI) 0.23 (0.08 to 0.64)) and three-piece silicone IOLs (HR (95% CI) 0.19 (0.05 to 0.74)) in comparison to those with polymethylmethacrylate IOLs. Conclusion: Most patients with uveitis achieve improved visual acuity after phacoemulsification, but an increasing rate of visual loss is observed in those with pre-existent macular or optic nerve lesions. Identifying patients who are at risk of postoperative complications should help in patient counselling and to pre-empt these complications by using preoperative prophylactic corticosteroids, careful IOL selection and postoperative intensive corticosteroids.

Aims To investigate potential factors associated with the presence of myopia in a cohort of young adult men carrying out their military service in Greece. Methods A nested case-control study of 200 conscripts (99 myopes and 101 non-myopes). The cohort consisted of approximately 1000 conscripts in compulsory national service. All cohort members had been screened for refractive errors by Snellen visual acuity measurement at presentation to military service; individuals not achieving visual activity 6/6 underwent noncycloplaegic refraction. The study sample consisted of the first 99 myopic and 101 nonmyopic conscripts who attended the study. In-person interviews of these 200 conscripts were conducted to obtain information on family history, occupation, level of education, near-work activities, and sleeping behaviour. v 2 and Mann-Whitney tests were used as univariate analysis methods to identify the potential factors associated with the presence of myopia. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of myopia. Results Univariate analysis showed that parental family history (Po0.001), older age (Po0.001), tertiary education (Po0.001), hours of reading per day (Po0.001), hours of computer use per day (Po0.001), and higher social classes (Po0.001) were associated with myopia. Sleeping in artificial or ambient light was not associated with myopia (P ¼ 0.75). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR ¼ 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.49), tertiary education (OR ¼ 12.67, 95% CI 3.57-44.88) and parental family history (OR ¼ 3.39, 95% CI 1.56-7.36) were independently associated with myopia. Conclusion In young Greek conscripts, parental family history, older age, and education level are independently associated with myopia.

The authors have found small hyperreflective areas intraretinally, subretinally, and underneath epiretinal membranes on SD-OCT in eyes that have had silicone oil tamponade for a variety of indications. The authors have seen a similar appearance when silicone oil emulsification is examined in vivo. The authors conclude that the hyperreflective areas are likely (but not certain) to be very small bubbles of emulsified silicone. Further studies are required to determine the incidence, clinicopathologic, and functional significance of probable silicone oil emulsification and deposition within the retinal layers.

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Purpose To compare the effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) on visual function in patients with monofocal and multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods Thirty-three consecutive patients with clinically significant PCO, 24 with monofocal, and nine with multifocal IOLs, were recruited. Patients with concurrent cause of visual loss or pupillary distortion were excluded. LogMAR high-and low-contrast (10%) distance visual acuity (VA), logMAR near VA, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity (CS), colour confusion index (CCI), and the presenting symptoms were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference between the proportions of patient with different PCO grade in the two groups. At presentation, high-and low-contrast distance VA were significantly greater in the multifocal group (0.40 vs 0.20; P ¼ 0.04 and 0.34 vs 0.98; P ¼ 0.006), whereas near VA, CS, and CCI were not significantly different between the two groups. After capsulotomy, the above visual functions were not significantly different between the two groups. Blurred distance and near vision were the most common presenting symptoms (95.8 and 100% in the monofocal group and 88.9 and 66.7% in the multifocal group). A greater proportion of patients in the monofocal group had blurred near vision (100 vs 66.7%) and, whereas the symptoms in the majority of patients in the monofocal group were moderate to severe, they were mild to moderate in the multifocal group. ConclusionThe effect of PCO on visual function in the two groups seems to be comparable, although patients in the multifocal group appear to present with earlier loss of visual function.

Although diabetes mellitus appears to be associated with a lower long-term incidence and a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy, younger age, pars plana vitrectomy, postoperative inflammation, plate-haptic silicone and PMMA IOLs in addition to male gender in non-diabetic patients appear to be associated with a greater risk. Estimation of the incidence and risk factors of PCO should help in patient counselling and to design methods to reduce or prevent its development.

Orbital cysticercosis is secondary to an infestation by cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of Taenia solium.Orbital cysticercosis may present with a wide spectrum of clinical findings and result in significant ocular morbidity. Although traditionally thought to be only prevalent in endemic regions with poor sanitation, immigration requires even ophthalmologists practicing in industrialised counties to be aware of this masquerading condition's presentation and treatment.We report the clinical manifestation of a case of orbital cysticersosis that presented with recurrent orbital inflammation for almost a year. We also present a literature review of the different ocular manifestations, diagnostic and treatment modalities.

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