Cost is the fundamental component for any construction project. While observations indicate that the cost overrun is a major phenomenon in construction industry worldwide. Hence, there are several factors responsible for cost overruns. So, a lot of studies have been conducted to investigate it. The aim of this paper is to identify the latest top major factors causing construction cost overrun construction projects in both of developed and developing countries (in particular) according to many variables during last three decades. through a comprehensive literature review, most common and frequently occurring causes of cost overrun worldwide and developing countries in particular were listed, factors were prioritized according to their occurrence, it is concluded that however cost overrun factors vary considerably across countries, the study of causing factors of cost overrun in construction projects will provide a reference for other projects that might be executed in similar circumstances and will also provide valuable information for international companies which intend to provide construction projects.
Green roofs have been gaining popularity in recent years, as an effective way to solve many environmental problems, many countries concerned with the application of green roofs in cities. In spite of the importance of using green roofs on buildings, the use of green roofs in Egypt is still absent. Egypt has been suffering recently from increasing energy demand compared to production rates, especially in the residential sector as a result of high population growth and high temperatures. Where the main objective of the study is to reduce energy consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase the insulation on the roofs of residential buildings, this paper is working to try applying green roofs on residential buildings in Egypt through a proposed methodology for the design and evaluation. In this context, uses and applies different sections of green roofs on residential buildings in eight climate zones of Egypt in accordance with the requirements of thermal performance of the Egyptian energy code.
Cost overrun risks are very common in construction sector. These risks are the possibility of a cost deviation occurrence consequently, affecting the project costs and the involved parties. Cost overrun risks also affect investment in construction sector negatively and focusing on risk reduction measures. Cost control isn't confined to cost management only but also, risk management is considered an effective control tool of project costs. Cost overrun risks are identified and then risk assessment and analysis are done. Then risk management and risk mitigation are carried out. The purpose of this study is to present an approach that can assess cost overrun risks after identifying them. Then, resorting to response strategies to create a response plan for high-priority risks, the researcher conducted a survey research by applying a questionnaire among the specialists in the construction industry and chose the touristic projects in Port Said as a case study. The risk identification techniques more frequently applied in construction are checklist and Brain storming, in addition the risk assessment and analysis technique (the qualitative technique).
Green Roofs Analysis and Design software (GRAD) 1 st version is a data-base-driven tool, which has been developed from detailed green roofs sections calculation at residential buildings according to the Egyptian climate zones, and Egyptian energy code. The goal was to create an easy tool that enabled architects, developers, and others to ease the process of green roof sections use and selection. In addition to obtain quick estimates of how green roof design decisions might impact building energy use and design decisions. The Green Roofs Analysis and Design program performs the green roof sections within a database of 784 green roof sections, which has been designed at a previous stage, to estimate the residential roof building energy reduction in Egypt. The outputs from each user provide basic characteristics of a green roof project; produces information for two green roof systems (built-in system, module system). The program can be used in the design and analysis of green roofs sections in Egypt; and also the software program can be used to compare the impact of different variables which effect on buildings thermal behavior.
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