Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive alien species especially infested tomato crops. It invaded Egypt in 2009 and many plantations. It's difficult to control due to the limitation of insecticides, therefore, the susceptibility of T. absoluta to three indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes in Egypt, i. e. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (EKB20), Steinernema sp. (B32) and Heterorhabiditis sp. (Kasassien isolate) were determined in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field experimental compared with emamectin benzoate insecticide. Leaf bioassays were carried out to evaluate the affinity of nematode isolates to reach the larvae and affect them at the galleries. The efficacy of the three nematode species after foliar application to potted tomato plants was evaluated under laboratory conditions. High larval mortality (70.6-94%) and low pupae mortality (<25%) were determined. In the leaf bioassay tests, a high level of larval infestation (75.4-88.6%) indicated the nematode's ability to kill the larvae within the galleries compared with 100% mortality of emamectin benzoate with the recommended dose. In the pot experiments treatment plants with nematode caused a reduction in insect infestation by 87-94% compared with 96% in the treatment of emamectin benzoate. The results of the field experiment showed the efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes for reducing infestation with T. absoluta with 70 to 90 % reduction % compared with more than 95% with emamectin benzoate. The results suggested that EPN are considered promising biocontrol agents, if correctly applied and released in integrated control schemes against the tomato leaf miners T. absoluta.
Under laboratory conditions, the activity of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88) and Steinernema carpocapsae (AT4), as well as their compatibility with two common insecticide formulations (lambada cyhalothrin and flubendiamide) and one insect growth regulator (lufenuron), were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda. The nematode IJs were subjected to the LC 50 and LC 25 of insecticides, and the viability of infective juveniles (IJs) was measured before being tested against Galleria mellonella larvae to determine IJs pathogenicity. Also, the mixtures were evaluated against the 4 th instar larvae of S. frugiperda to select one mixture can serve in integrated pest management (IPM) in agro-ecosystems. Results showed that H. bacteriophora strain (HP88) was more efficient with higher pathogenicity and virulence against 4 th larvae of S. frugiperda (LC 50 = 48.67±0.34IJs/ml -1 ) than S. carpocapsae (AT4) (LC 50 = 65.88± 3.04). flubendiamidee was the most toxic insecticide (LC 50 = 3.26±0.52) followed by Lambada cyhalothrin (4.23±0.8PPM). Lufenuron was the least toxic one (5.67±1.53PPM). Both EPN H. bacteriophora (HP88) and S. carpocapsae viability was not affected by any of tested insecticides (LC 25 and LC 50 ), while lambada cyhalothrin reduced S. carpocapsae pathogenicity with LC 50 concentration. Lufenuron at the rate LC50 and Lc25, not affect H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae pathogenicity. All tested insecticides with the two doses were harmless according to IOBC test. All mixtures of insecticides with the two EPN strains were synergistic effect against 4 th larvae of S frugiperda except lufeuron with LC 25 was antagonist. It was explored how these nematode insecticide combinations could be used in maize pest management.
Recent societal interest in healthful food has led to the development of functional dairy products that primarily provide health benefits in addition to their essential nutrients. The main objective of the research is to extract, estimate, and fractionation the bio-active and antioxidant compounds and pigments in Spirulina algae and apply their use in a functional yogurt drink that enhances nutritional value by adding pure bee honey to it to give it shape, taste and high nutritional value and replacement of cane sugar with natural honey. Spirulina is added to yogurt drinks at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 percent with traditional starters and 0.5, 1, and 1.5 percent with traditional starters plus Bifidobacterium longum. T.S.S, α-Tocopherol, and ash content were determined. With an increase in Spirulina concentration, a decrease in pH was seen during the setting period. Diacetyl, Acetoin, antioxidants, and phytochemicals all increased along with the level of Spirulina. Yogurt drinks made with 1% Spirulina scored similarly to controls for sensory factors like color, and appearance, flavor, and texture. All Yogurt drink samples were mold and yeast free. Liveliness of the Yogurt drink culture when stored at the recommended temperature of 5°C: Control has less overall lactic acid bacteria, but all samples can increase their Spirulina content by 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times as well as their overall bifidobacterial count the progress of storage for all lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacterial up to 15 days the viable count.
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