This study measured the fading times of peripheral targets as a function of whether viewing was monocular or binocular, and of brightness contrast. Data from a binocularly normal group showed Troxler fading to be significantly faster with monocular (i.e., patched) than with binocular viewing. In contrast, one-eyed observers showed significantly longer fading times than the two-eyed observers viewing monocularly and equivalent times to their binocular viewing. A control experiment showed that these findings were not due to worse fixation stability, larger pupil sizes, or an unusually large blinking rate in the enucleated group. The enucleated group actually exhibited a slight miosis, equivalent fixation stability, and a normal blinking rate. In both experiments, the times to fading of all observers were a function of brightness contrast. We conclude that in binocularly normal observers patching or closing one eye does not produce monocular vision but rather a condition of weak binocular rivalry, and that the absence of inhibitory binocular interactions in the enucleated group may explain, in part, their resistance to fading and their superior performance in other contrast-defined tasks.
Abstract. Real life situations may require an automatic fast update of the control of a plant, whether the plant is an airplane that needs to overcome an emergency situation due to drastic environment change, or a process that needs to continue executing an application in spite of a change in an operating system behavior. Settings for run-time control synthesis are defined, assuming the environment maybe totally dynamic, but is reentrant and history oblivious for long enough periods. A reentrant environment allows several copies of a plant to interact with the environment independently; a history oblivious environment ensures a repetition (in the probabilistic case with the same probability) of an interaction starting with a plant in a certain state and replaying its output to the environment. Total dynamic changes of the environment do not allow a definition of weakly realizable specifications, as weakly realizable specifications depend on the environment behavior. On line experiments of the environment assists in the implementation of unrealizable specifications; Automatically checking whether the unrealizable specifications define weakly realizable specifications, given the behavior restriction of the current environment. A successful search for a control implicitly identifies the weakly realizable specifications, and explicitly the implementation that respect the specifications. Different settings and capabilities of the plant are investigated. In particular, (i) plant state reflection that allows observation of the current state of the plant, (ii) plant state set that generalizes the reset capability, allowing setting the plant to each of its states, and (iii) (static or dynamic) plant replication that allows instantiation of plant replicas or use of preexisting plant replicas for parallelizing testing algorithms. The algorithms presented prove that the above capabilities enable a polynomial search for a new control upon a drastic change of the environment.
Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) for the diagnosis and evaluation of coronary artery occlusive disease has rapidly gained acceptance among clinicians. Its growing use in selected populations has provided a wealth of data, leading to a recent flurry of articles describing both the benefits and limitations of this imaging modality. In this article, we describe the case of an 80 year old woman who presented with anginal symptoms, who first underwent CTCA which suggested severe right coronary artery stenosis. A subsequent invasive coronary angiogram was crucial in revealing a total occlusion and the presence of collateral vessels, findings that would ultimately guide therapy. This case demonstrates a significant limitation in the use of CTCA and the associated images are valuable in illustrating this point.
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