Overall, student attitudes were positive regarding online learning. The students viewed online learning helpful as a supplement to their learning rather than a replacement for traditional teaching methods.

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the learning styles of dental students at King Saud University. Methods and material: The Arabic version of the VARK questionnaire was administered to undergraduate dental male students in first, second, third, fourth and fifth years to determine their learning style preferences. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the learning styles of students. Results: There were more students who preferred a multimodal learning style (58.4%) than those who preferred a unimodal learning style (41.6%). The quadmodal learning style was the preferred style among multimodal learners in total sample and in each year separately. Of the unimodal learners, 35.1%, 35.1%, 18.1%, and 11.7% of the students were Kinesthetic (K), Aural (A), Visual (V), and Reading/Writing (R) learners, respectively. Conclusions: 58.4% and 41.6% of the students were found to have multimodal learning preferences and unimodal learning styles, respectively. The distribution of students' learning styles reflects strong kinesthetic and aural preferences. The learning preference does not differ between undergraduate male students from first to final years at College of Dentistry, King Saud University. ª 2015 The Author. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This review of literature describes the cellular and molecular biology of orthodontic tooth movement, including various theories and effect of chemical mediators on tooth movement. The better understanding of the tooth movement mechanism will inspire the clinicians to design and implement effective appliances that will result in maximum benefits and minimum tissue damage to the patients. This paper also emphasizes the applied aspect of different medication and hormones, during orthodontic treatment, on the signaling molecules which produce bone remodeling.

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