Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with no particular or verified symptoms, which has been underreported as an occupational infection. Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa are the two major pathogenic serovars. Professionals who are in constant contact with animals and their residues, in water supply, rice mill, slaughtering houses, hospital sanitary places, strawberry picking, construction works, agriculture working, forest working and food industry are at highest risk. Factors related to occupational, environmental, and recreational aspects and the presence of wild reservoirs of leptospirosis will be discussed in this concise review. Noticeably, lack of early identification, international travelling, skin wounds, sanitary and washing habitations after contact with animals, delay in treatment, and unhealthy behaviors of adolescents contribute to the disease. Hence, public education for people's awareness is essential. For instance, farmers, students, forest keepers, veterinary surgeons or veterinarians, and abattoir workers should take care by wearing cloth, such as long trousers and a long-sleeved shirt, and simple gloves to hinder the infection acquisition through skin. For people engaged in water sports, covering skin abrasions with waterproof dressings and wearing protective clothing can prevent disease transmission. However, there is no same control strategy applicable to all epidemiological wards universally. Furthermore, ecoepidemiological and cultural characteristics should be well recognized.
Abstract:The Masjed-e-Soleyman dam is a high rockfill dam with clay core, located in Iran. During construction and first impounding, a considerably high excess pore water pressure has been developed inside the core and has been being dissipated with a very slow rate, so the consolidation deformations have been insignificant. However, there have been reports of noticeable internal deformations in the dam, the crest has also exhibited quick settlements during the first impounding. The main objective of this paper was to identify the deformation mechanism of this dam. For this purpose, the data recorded by its instruments were carefully studied and then a three-dimensional numerical model of the dam was developed. The mechanical behavior of materials was idealized by a hardening strain constitutive model. A numerical method was proposed, based on this constitutive model and Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory, to simulate the deformation behavior of coarse-grained materials, like rockfills, due to particle size distribution, particle breakage, rotation, and rearrangement under shearing. The results show that significant development of pore pressure in the core and its insignificant dissipation, plastic shear deformations inside the core and extensive collapse settlements of the upstream shell are the main causes influencing the deformation mechanism. Keywords: high rockfill dam, hardening strain constitutive model, particle breakage, collapse settlement. IntroductionRockfill materials consist of sharp-edged aggregates obtained by blasting in rock borrow areas or rounded or sub-rounded aggregates excavated from river beds. These materials have had extensive use in the body of rockfill dams [e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], the subgrade of roads as well as a wide variety of other engineering structures. The high shear strength of these materials enables the embankments to maintain steeper slopes.The strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials are conventionally investigated through large-scale triaxial tests [e.g. 8-15]. The mechanical behavior of granular materials can be simulated via a variety of constitutive models, such as non-linear elastic model [16], elastoplastic hardening model [17][18][19], and strain softening elasto-plastic model [20]. It used to be a common practice to simulate the behavior of rockfill materials by linear or non-linear elastic models [21,22], but there are now a variety of advanced constitutive elasto-plastic models based on the disturbed state concept [11,23,24] and critical state concept [ 25,26] that can be used for modeling these materials. Previous laboratory researches have revealed that particle size distribution (PSD), particle breakage, rotation, and rearrangement has significant effects on the strength and deformation behaviors of coarse-grained material [e.g.10, 14, 27-31]. There have been several creditable efforts to incorporate the impacts of these phenomena into mechanical constitutive models; these include the works carried out based on disturbed state concept [24] an...
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