Production systems are characterized by static configurations and slow adaption to changing requirements. They no longer meet current trends in mutability and dynamic adaptation. Software-defined Manufacturing (SDM) like other software-defined approaches leverages abstraction of hardware to achieve higher flexibility. Based on abstracted hardware, software defines desired functionalities. Requirements from the Operational Technology (OT), especially determinism, must be combined with the flexibility and interoperability of Information Technology (IT). This paper proposes a stack that enables the implementation of SDM based on a requirements analysis. It covers the main phases of the life cycle of automation applications and additional requirements from SDM. We derive the necessary components while resorting to existing approaches whenever possible. Means for applications engineering, configuration, deployment, and orchestration, as well as execution at run time, are developed.
Cloud-Systeme werden zunehmend in der Produktionstechnik eingesetzt. Sicherheitskritische Systeme lassen sich mit dem heutigen Stand der Technik nur schwer integrieren. Zufällige Fehler wie Alterungsprozesse oder Umwelteinflüsse müssen behandelt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Architekturen vorgestellt, die eine performante Sicherheitssteuerung in Cloud-Systemen erlauben. Darüber hinaus wird die Fehlertoleranz von Hardware- und Softwareausfällen durch Redundanz analysiert und bewertet.
Cloud systems are increasingly being used in production technology. However, based on current state of the art, safety-critical systems are difficult to integrate. It is absolutely necessary to handle random errors such as ageing processes or environmental influences. This paper presents architectures enabling high-performance safety control in cloud systems. It also analyzes and evaluates the fault tolerance of hardware and software failures due to redundancy .
Software-defined Manufacturing (SDM) aims to enhance the flexibility of production systems. Classical automation systems are not a suitable technological basis for SDM. While their hierarchical, rigid structures are increasingly being dissolved. Container-based virtualization, and modular software architectures, gain traction in automation systems. However, today’s PLCs are not a perfect fit for virtualization, as the control program still is a monolithic piece of software. We analyze cyclic and event-based real-time scheduling models for modular PLCs. Furthermore, techniques for reconfiguration at runtime are developed based on the selected execution models.
Software-Defined Manufacturing (SDM) is a new paradigm for how to manufacture in the Industry 4.0 factory of the future. The approach requires a fundamental change in thinking and reinvention of central business models in production technology. This paper discusses the main challenges on the way to a software-defined factory of the future and illustrates possible solutions. An exemplary future factory is presented, in which the validation of the solutions is carried out. For this purpose, cloud-based Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) is considered as use case. Experimental results demonstrate the proof of concept and show the potential for further applications.
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