Conversion between signals in the microwave and optical domains is of great interest both for classical telecommunication, as well as for connecting future superconducting quantum computers into a global quantum network. For quantum applications, the conversion has to be both efficient, as well as operate in a regime of minimal added classical noise. While efficient conversion has been demonstrated with several approaches using mechanical transducers, they have so far all operated with a substantial thermal noise background. Here, we overcome this limitation and demonstrate coherent conversion between GHz microwave signals and the optical telecom band with a thermal background of less than one phonon. We use an electro-opto-mechanical device, that couples surface acoustic waves driven by a resonant microwave signal to an optomechanical crystal featuring a 2.7 GHz mechanical mode. By operating at Millikelvin temperatures, we can initialize the mechanical mode in its quantum groundstate, which allows us to perform the transduction process with less than one quantum of added thermal noise. We further verify the preservation of the coherence of the microwave signal throughout the transduction process. * These authors contributed equally to this work. † s.groeblacher@tudelft.nl arXiv:1812.07588v1 [quant-ph]

Several experimental demonstrations of the Casimir force between two closely spaced bodies have been realized over the past two decades. Extending the theory to incorporate the behavior of the force between two superconducting films close to their transition temperature has resulted in competing predictions. To date, no experiment exists that can test these theories, partly due to the difficulty in aligning two superconductors in close proximity, while still allowing for a temperature-independent readout of the arising force between them. Here we present an on-chip platform based on an optomechanical cavity in combination with a grounded superconducting capacitor, which overcomes these challenges and opens up the possibility to probe modifications to the Casimir effect between two closely spaced, freestanding superconductors as they transition into a superconducting state. We also perform preliminary force measurements that demonstrate the capability of these devices to probe the interplay between two widely measured quantum effects: Casimir forces and superconductivity.

The spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in semiconductors is strongly influenced by structural asymmetries, as prominently observed in bulk crystal structures that lack inversion symmetry. Here we study an additional effect on the SOC: the asymmetry induced by the large interface area between a nanowire core and its surrounding shell. Our experiments on purely wurtzite GaAs/AlGaAs core/shell nanowires demonstrate optical spin injection into a single free-standing nanowire and determine the effective electron g-factor of the hexagonal GaAs wurtzite phase. The spin relaxation is highly anisotropic in time-resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements on single nanowires, showing a significant increase of spin relaxation in external magnetic fields. This behaviour is counterintuitive compared with bulk wurtzite crystals. We present a model for the observed electron spin dynamics highlighting the dominant role of the interface-induced SOC in these core/shell nanowires. This enhanced SOC may represent an interesting tuning parameter for the implementation of spin–orbitronic concepts in semiconductor-based structures.

Recent years have seen extraordinary progress in creating quantum states of mechanical oscillators, leading to great interest in potential applications for such systems in both fundamental as well as applied quantum science. One example is the use of these devices as transducers between otherwise disparate quantum systems. In this regard, a promising approach is to build integrated piezoelectric optomechanical devices, that are then coupled to microwave circuits. Optical absorption, low quality factors and other challenges have up to now prevented operation in the quantum regime, however. Here, we design and characterize such a piezoelectric optomechanical device fabricated from gallium phosphide in which a 2.9 GHz mechanical mode is coupled to a high quality factor optical resonator in the telecom band. The large electronic bandgap and the resulting low optical absorption of this new material, on par with devices fabricated from silicon, allows us to demonstrate quantum behavior of the structure. This not only opens the way for realizing noise-free quantum transduction between microwaves and optics, but in principle also from various color centers with optical transitions in the near visible to the telecom band. * These authors contributed equally to this work. † s.groeblacher@tudelft.nl

We experimentally demonstrate ultralong spin lifetimes of electrons in the one-dimensional (1D) quantum limit of semiconductor nanowires. Optically probing single wires of different diameters reveals an increase in the spin relaxation time by orders of magnitude as the electrons become increasingly confined until only a single 1D subband is populated after thermalization. We find the observed spin lifetimes of more than 200 ns to result from the robustness of 1D electrons against major spin relaxation mechanisms, highlighting the promising potential of these wires for long-range transport of coherent spin information.Nanowires (NWs) present three key assets: their unique shape, an exceptional surface-to-volume ratio and a high level of control during the epitaxial crystal growth. These features have established NWs in a cornerstone role for an impressively diverse area of nanoscale concepts, ranging from custom-tailored light-matter interaction 1-3 , energy harvesting and sensing 4,5 to ballistic quantum transport 6 . By controlling the diameter at the nanoscale, NWs can for instance be tailored to a specific application by matching them with the length scale of a particular (quasi-) particle. Introducing radial spatial quantum confinement for electrons in semiconductor NWs, thus leaving only one direction of free motion, opens an experimental route to fascinating new phenomena such as Majorana-bound states 7 , the unique Coulomb interactions in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids 8 , unusual dispersion effects in spin-orbit coupled 1D systems 9 or long-range, coherent spin transport. Promising groundwork towards long-range spin transport has been demonstrated in wirelike, but yet diffusive systems [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . While these studies highlight a correlation between the wire width and the spin relaxation, going beyond diffusive systems by pushing experiments into the one-dimensional (1D) quantum limit should give access to a new realm of spin coherence.In this Letter, we present a series of GaAs NWs with different diameters to investigate how spin relaxation evolves in the transition from a continuous threedimensional (3D) dispersion to the electronic 1D quantum limit, where only a single 1D subband is occupied. Our optical approach allows us to investigate single, freestanding NWs. In our NW system, spatially confining electrons to 1D is expected to completely remove the usually very efficient mechanism of Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation 20 . We indeed experimentally observe extraordinarily long spin relaxation times of more than 200 ns for the thinnest NWs: an increase by a factor ∼ 500 for the transition from 3D to 1D. We demonstrate that the spin a) Electronic mail: *dominique.bougeard@ur.de relaxation in our experiment is a result of the electronhole (e-h) exchange interaction. Our analysis shows that the confinement of e-h pairs to increasingly smaller length scales very efficiently suppresses this exchangedriven spin relaxation in our NWs, causing the strong increase observed in our experim...

Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate on-chip microwave-to-optical conversion, realised by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one, and, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.

Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate bi-directional on-chip conversion between microwave and optical frequencies, realized by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one. Alternatively, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, we demonstrate that we induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.

The ability to tailor waveguide cavities and couple them with quantum emitters has developed a realm of nanophotonics encompassing, for example, highly efficient single photon generation or the control of giant photon nonlinearities. Opening new grounds by pushing the interaction of the waveguide cavity and integrated emitters further into the deep subwavelength regime, however, has been complicated by nonradiative losses due to the increasing importance of surface defects when decreasing cavity dimensions. Here, we show efficient suppression of nonradiative recombination for thin waveguide cavities using core−shell semiconductor nanowires. We experimentally reveal the advantages of such nanowires, which host mobile emitters, that is, free excitons, in a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide, highlighting the resulting potential for tunable, active, nanophotonic devices. In our experiment, controlling the nanowire waveguide diameter tunes the luminescence lifetime of excitons in the nanowires across 2 orders of magnitude up to 80 ns. At the smallest wire diameters, we show that this luminescence lifetime can be manipulated by engineering the dielectric environment of the nanowires. Exploiting this unique handle on the spontaneous emission of mobile emitters, we demonstrate an all-dielectric spatial control of the mobile emitters along the axis of the 1D nanowire waveguide.