In this chapter the adsorption fundamentals using biomass as adsorbents in the removal of metallic ions are presented. The research as shows the importance of many factors that affects the adsorption, such as the biomass superficial area, system temperature, pH, initial concentration of the metal, biomass amount and status (living or dead). The study was directed at the approach of two applications using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the adsorption of Cd2+ metal ions. In the first application it is discussed the influence of the pH of the medium and the biomass status (living or dead) in the adsorption of Cd2+, in batch. In the second application, it was studied the adsorption of Cd2+metallic ions through the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast immobilized in chitosan, in fixed bed, where the influence inlet mass flow rate and the initial effluent concentration on the adsorption capacity and percentage of Cd2+ ions removal are evaluated.The studies realized are supported by statistical analysis with 95% confidence intervals.
No Brasil uma pequena parte das frutas produzidas são destinadas para o mercado externo, sendo a maior parte consumida in natura ou processada na indústria de polpas e sucos. Um dos principais obstáculos ao desenvolvimento do processamento de frutas em diversas partes do mundo está associado à significativa quantidade de resíduos orgânicos que são gerados nesta atividade, assim, a busca por técnicas para o aproveitamento de resíduos de frutas constitui um desafio importante para as indústrias. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da secagem do resíduo da goiaba (Psidium guajava L.), tendo como variáveis a temperatura da estufa e a espessura da camada do resíduo, com a finalidade de verificar o ajuste de modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais. Fez-se o planejamento experimental fatorial com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência do processo de secagem. Com o propósito de analisar as condições empregadas no experimento, os dados obtidos foram ajustados através dos modelos matemáticos de Henderson & Pabis, Lewis e Page. Através da modelagem foi possível comprovar que as condições empregadas no procedimento foram adequadas, visto que os dados se ajustaram de maneira satisfatória aos modelos analisados, sendo o modelo de Page o que melhor se adequou para descrever a cinética de secagem do resíduo da goiaba.Thin-layer drying kinetics of guava (Psidium guajava L.) wasteAbstract: In Brazil, a small part of the produced fruits are destined for foreign market, being largely consumed fresh or processed in pulp and juice industry. One of the main barriers in the development of fruit processing industry is connected to the significant amount of organic waste that are generated in this activity. The search for techniques to take advantage of these fruit waste is a major challenge. This study aimed at evaluating the drying behavior of guava waste (Psidium guajava L.). The oven temperature and the thickness of residue layer were analyzed as variables, in order to check the fit of mathematical models to experimental data. The authors planned the factorial design to evaluate the efficiency of drying process. To check the conditions used in the experiment, data were adjusted using the following mathematical models: Henderson & Pabis, Lewis and Page. Through modeling, it was possible to demonstrate that the conditions used in the procedures were appropriated, since the data fit, satisfactorily, to the analyzed models. The Page model was the most appropriate to describe the drying kinetics of Guava waste.
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