Heros acaroides Hensel, 1870 is resurrected from synonymy of Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842 (currently known as Australoheros facetus) and re-described on the basis of its type series and fresh material, collected in the vicinity of its type locality (Porto Alegre, Rio Grande de Sul, Brazil). A lectotype is designated. It differs from Australoheros facetus by its mouth shape (jaws subequal versus lower jaw projecting over upper jaw; comparative thick lips versus thin lips) and smaller scales on cheeks (cheek scale rows 4 or usually 5 vs. usually 3 in A. facetus). It differs from A. taura (a species occurring in the same drainage) by the presence of a conspicuous midlateral stripe, a well developed caudal fin base spot (vs. no prominent spot in A. taura) and by a higher body depth (42.7 – 49.0 % SL versus 40.1 – 42.4 % of SL in A. taura).
Crenicichla lucenai sp. n. from the upper Rio das Antas basin, dos Patos lagoon system, southern Brazil is here described. The new species is similar to C. punctata and C. maculata. It is distinguished from both these species by the conspicuous pattern of dark brown irregular lines extending from longitudinal stripe to ventral profile (versus irregular lines absent). In addition, C. lucenai can be distinguished from C. punctata by the absence of dots on the sides of its head.
Morphological characters and phylogenetic trees generated by analyses of a segment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b support two new species from the Lagoa dos Patos basin, in southern Brazil. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that the two new species are each other’s respective closest relatives among species of A. adloffi group. The clade comprising the two new species is supported as being more closely related to A. adloffi than to A. nigrofasciatus that is endemic to the same area. Austrolebias pelotapes Costa & Cheffe n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the A. adloffi group by having the urogenital papilla base attached by a thin membrane to the anterior margin of the anal fin in males; it is endemic to an area containing temporary pools and swamps associated to small streams tributaries to the northern margin of the São Gonçalo channel, just about 10 km from the area inhabited by A. nigrofasciatus. Austrolebias pongondo Costa & Cheffe n. sp., from temporary pools and swamps in the floodplains south of the São Gonçalo channel, and A. pelotapes are distinguished from all other species of the A. adloffi group by a combination of character states, including the presence of a transverse row of small spots on the middle portion of the dorsal fin in males, unpaired fins with a single row of light blue spots on their basal portion in males, a distinctive dark grey zone on the posterior portion of the dorsal and anal fins, and caudal peduncle in males predominantly dark brownish grey or dark grey to black, with narrow vertical light blue zones.
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