RESUMO. Foram calculados o fator erodibilidade (K) e a tolerância de perda de solos (T) do ABSTRACT. Erodibility factor and loss tolerance of soils of São Paulo state (Brazil). Erodibility factor (K) and soil loss tolerance (T) were determined for Sao PauloState (Brazil) soils with base on the new Brazilian System of Soils Classification published in 1999. Twenty-five representative profiles from the new soils were studied. Bouyoucos's expression was used for indirect determination of erodibility factor for A and B horizons. Soil loss tolerance was determined based on Smith and Stamey (1964). The extreme values of erodibility factor for A horizon were 0.4278 and 0.0044 t.ha.h/ha.MJ.mm, respectively for an Ultisol and a Dystric Gleisol. The extreme values of erodibility factor for B horizon were 0.5750 and 0.0038 t.ha.h/ha.MJ.mm, respectively for a Spodosol and an Oxisol. On the other hand, the extreme values of soil loss tolerance were 14.70 (Inceptisol/Entisol) and 3.00 (Ultisol) t/ha.year. It was determined that with the increase of the textural gradient there was a decrease in soil loss tolerance and increase in the soil erodibility factors.

Two retrospective studies examining data of 7,500 lactating cows from a single herd were performed with the objective of evaluating the long-term effects of clinical disease during the early postpartum period on milk production, reproduction, and culling of dairy cows through 305 days in milk (DIM). In the first study, data regarding health, milk production, reproduction, and culling of 5,085 cows were summarized. Cows were classified according to incidence of clinical problem (metritis, mastitis, lameness, digestive problem, or respiratory problem) during the first 21 DIM (ClinD21). During 305 d of lactation, cows that had ClinD21 produced, on average, 410 kg less milk, 17 kg less fat, and 12 kg less protein compared with cows that did not have ClinD21 (NoClinD21). Although the interval to first breeding was not different between groups of interest, pregnancy rate through 305 DIM was lower in cows that had ClinD21 [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 0.81]. When individual breedings were analyzed, cows that had ClinD21 presented lower rates of pregnancy per breeding for breedings performed before 150 DIM, reduced numbers of calving per breeding for breedings performed before 200 DIM, and greater number of pregnancy losses for all breedings performed through 305 DIM. The rate of culling from calving through 305 DIM was higher in cows that had a single ClinD21 (AHR = 1.79) and in cows that had multiple ClinD21 (AHR = 3.06), which resulted in a greater proportion of cows leaving the herd by 305 DIM (NoClinD21 = 22.6%; single ClinD21 = 35.7%; multiple ClinD21 = 53.8%). In the second study, data regarding postpartum health and 305-d yields of milk, fat, and protein were collected from 2,415 primiparous cows that had genomic testing information. Genomic estimated breeding values (EBV) were used to predict 305-d yields of milk, fat, and protein. Genomic EBV and predicted yields of milk, fat, and protein did not differ between cows that had ClinD21 and those that did not have ClinD21. In contrast, the observed 305-d yields of milk, fat, and protein were reduced by 345, 10, and 10 kg, respectively, in cows that had ClinD21 compared with cows that did not have ClinD21. We conclude that clinical disease diagnosed and treated during the first 21 DIM has long-term effects on lactation performance, reproduction, and culling of dairy cows, which contribute to detrimental consequences of health problems on sustainability of dairy herds. Replication of our studies in multiple herds will be important to confirm our findings in a larger population.

RESUMO

RESUMO-O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial da fertilidade do solo é muito importante, principalmente, para a agricultura de precisão. Assim, durante o ano agrícola 2009/2010, no município de Selvíria (MS), no Cerrado Brasileiro, objetivou-se analisar a variabilidade espacial de atributos da fertilidade num Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob plantio direto. Foi instalada a malha de amostragem para a coleta de solo, com 120 pontos amostrais, numa área de 3,0 ha e declive homogêneo de 0,055 m m-1. Foram determinados os teores de P disponível, de matéria orgânica, valor de pH (CaCl 2), teores de K + , Ca +2 , Mg +2 , valores de saturação por bases e por alumínio, nas profundidades de 0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. Efetuou-se a análise descritiva clássica, com auxílio do software estatístico SAS, e em seguida foram modelados semivariogramas para todos os atributos, obtendo-se as respectivas validações cruzadas e mapas de krigagens com o GS + 7.0. As maiores variabilidades dos atributos químicos analisadas pelo coeficiente de variação ocorreram na camada de 0,10-0,20 m de profundidade do solo. Todos os atributos químicos pesquisados apresentaram dependência espacial, sendo possível mapear a área em estudo. Por representar a continuidade espacial dos semivariogramas obtidos no presente estudo, os valores dos alcances geoestatísticos recomendados para os atributos ora pesquisados deverão estar compreendidos entre 40,2 e 113,1 metros. Palavras-chave: Agricultura de precisão. Fertilidade do solo. Geoestatística. Mapa de krigagem. ABSTRACT-Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil fertility is very important, especially in precision agriculture. Thus during the 2009/2010 agricultural year, in the city of Selva (MS) in the Brazilian Cerrado, the objective was to analyse the spatial variability of the fertility attributes of a Dystropheric Red Latosol under a no-tillage system. A sampling grid was installed to collect soil samples, with 120 sampling points in an area of 3.0 ha and on an even slope of 0.055 m m-1. The available phosphorus content, organic matter content, values of pH (CaCl 2), levels of K + , Ca +2 , Mg +2 , values of base and aluminum saturation were all determined at depths of 0 to 0.10m and 0.10 to 0.20m. A classic descriptive analysis was carried out with the help of the SAS statistical software, and semivariograms were then modeled for all attributes, giving the respective cross-validations and kriging chartswith the GS + 7.0 software. The largest variability, in the chemical attributes analysed by the coefficient of variation, occurred in the soil-depth layer of 0.10-0.20m. All studied chemical attributes showed spatial dependence, it being possible to map the study area. As they represent the spatial continuity of the semivariograms obtained in this study, the values of the geostatistical ranges recommended for those attributes here studied, should be between 40.2 and 113.1 metres.

plantada com a leguminosa ocupou 21,73 milhões de hectares, com produtividade média estimada em 2.629 kg ha -1 .O sistema de semeadura direta constitui-se na implantação de culturas agrícolas em solo sem revolvimento e protegido por cobertura morta (Fidelis et al. 2003). A utilização deste sistema tem sido associada ao maior controle da erosão, ao aumento da porosoidade total do solo e à maior conservação de água do solo, resultando em aumento da disponibilidade 1. Trabalho recebido em dez./2009 e aceito para publicação em jan./2011 (n° registro: PAT 8351/