In the past seven years, dual Z-scheme heterojunctions
evolved
as favorable approaches for enhanced charge carrier separation through
direct or indirect charge transfer transportation mechanisms. The
dynamics of the charge transfer is the major strategy for understanding
their photoactivity and stability through the formation of distinctive
redox centers. The understanding of currently recognized principles
for successful fabrication and classification in different energy
and pollution remediation strategies is discussed, and a universal
charge transfer-type-based classification of dual Z-schemes that can
be adopted for Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions is proposed.
Methods used for determining the charge transfer as proof of dual
Z-scheme existence are outlined. Most importantly, a new macroscopic
N-scheme and a triple Z-scheme that can also be adopted as triple
S-scheme heterostructures composed of four semiconductors are proposed
for generating both oxidatively and reductively empowered systems.
The proposed systems are expected to possess properties that enable
them to harvest solar light to drive important chemical reactions
for different applications.
Remediation of organic
pollutant matrixes
from wastewater by photodegradation using different heterojunctions
is extensively studied to improve performance for potential application.
Brilliant black (BB) and
p
-nitrophenol (PNP) have
been detected in the environment and implicated as directly or indirectly
carcinogenic to human health. This work analyzes their elimination
from aqueous solutions under visible-light irradiation with composites
of cobalt(II, III) oxide and bismuth oxyiodides (Co
3
O
4
/Bi
4
O
5
I
2
/Bi
5
O
7
I). The synthesized nanomaterial properties were investigated
using various techniques such as BET, SEM/EDS, TEM, XRD, FTIR, PL,
and UV–vis. All the nanocomposites absorbed in the visible
range of the solar spectrum with band gaps between 1.68 and 2.79 eV,
and the specific surface area of the CB2 composite increased by 35.8%
from that of Bi
4
O
5
I
2
/Bi
5
O
7
I. There was an observed massive reduction in the rate
of electron and hole recombination, and the band gaps of the composites
decreased. The mineralization of PNP and BB was followed by determination
of the total organic carbon
with reductions of 93.6 and 83.7%, respectively. The main active species
were the hydroxyl radicals, while the superoxide anion radical and
generated holes were minor as confirmed by radical trapping experiments.
The optimum pHs for degradation of PNP and BB were 9.6 and 5.3, respectively.
The enhanced performance of the catalyst was due to C-scheme heterojunction
formation that reduced the electron and hole recombination rate and
was attributed to strong adsorption of the pollutants on the photocatalyst
active surface. The nanocomposite is apposite for solar energy-driven
remediation of organic pollutants from environmental aqueous samples.
Environmental pollution is regarded as a major concern and photocatalysis has been used successfully to combat discharges of recalcitrant pollutants. In this study, meso tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), tungsten (VI) oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite materials were prepared by in situ method and calcined at different temperatures. The catalysts impact was evaluated for the degradation of acid blue 25 (AB25) under visible light irradiation. The as‐prepared composite materials were characterised for morphological and crystalline structural properties using SEM, Raman, FTIR, TGA, BET and XRD techniques. UV‐Vis and PL absorption studies obtained a band gap energy of 2.14 eV which showed its ability to absorb light in the visible region. The nanocomposite exhibited spherically shaped particles of monoclinic WO3 when using 20 mg TPP and calcination temperature of 350 °C for 4 hours. The highest degradation efficiency of 85% on 20 ppm AB25 as per UV/Vis and TOC results, was obtained for the photocatalyst calcined at 350 °C for 4 hours. The high degradation efficiency can be ascribed to the visible light absorbing nature of the composite and high separation rate of photogenerated charge carriers. This nanocomposite can be a suitable candidate for treatment of other dyestuff in textile effluents.
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