This article seeks to analyze the current state of scientific knowledge concerning critical thinking in nursing.The methodology used consisted of a scoping review of the main scientific databases using an applied search strategy. A total of 1518 studies published from January, 1999, to June, 2013, were identified, of which 90 met the inclusion criteria.The main conclusion drawn is that critical thinking in nursing is experiencing a growing interest both in the study of its concepts and its dimensions, as well as in the development of training strategies to further its development among both students and professionals.Furthermore, the analysis reveals that critical thinking has been investigated principally in the university setting independent of conceptual models, with a variety of instruments used for its measurement.We recommend the (i) investigation of critical thinking among working professionals,(ii) the designing of evaluative instruments linked to conceptual models, and (iii) the identification of strategies to promote critical thinking in the context of providing nursing care.
The present psychometric review found that five of the instruments met valid psychometric criteria. In light of the current economic situation, future reviews should include analysis of the usefulness of instruments based on cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and educational impact.
Background and aim Western countries share an interest in evaluating and improving quality of care in the healthcare field. The aim was to develop and examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the Quality in Psychiatric Care–Inpatient (QPC-IP) instrument. Methods A psychometric study was conducted, translating the QPC-IPS instrument into Spanish, revision of the instrument by a panel of experts, and assessing its psychometric properties. 150 psychiatric inpatients completed the QPC-IP. Test-retest reliability was assessed by re-administering the questionnaire to 75 of these patients. Results After conducting pilot testing and a cognitive interview with 30 inpatients, it was determined that the QPC-IPS was adequate and could be self-administered. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94 was obtained for the full instrument and values of 0.52–0.89 for the various dimensions of the questionnaire. Test re test reliability: The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for the full questionnaire was 0.69, while for the individual dimensions values between 0.62 and 0.74 were obtained, indicating acceptable temporal stability. Convergent validity was analysed using 10-point numerical satisfaction scale, giving a positive correlation (0.49). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed six factors consistent with the original scale. The Spanish version yielded adequate results in terms of validity and reliability. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence of the convergent validity, reliability, temporal stability and construct validity of the Spanish QPC-IP for measuring patient quality in psychiatric care in Spanish hospitals. Hospital administrators can use this tool to assess and identify areas for improvement to enhance quality in psychiatric care.
Background The capacity for self‐care and positive mental health (PMH) has an influence on well‐being and on one’s approach to chronic illness. Purpose The aim was to determine the level of PMH and self‐care agency as well as the relations among sociodemographic variables, PMH, and the level of self‐care among patients with chronic physical health problems. We also examined correlations between PMH and self‐care agency. Methods A descriptive, cross‐sectional correlational study was conducted with a sample of 209 patients at a primary care center. The instruments used were the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire and the Appraisal of Self‐Care Agency scale. The STROBE statement was used. Results Significant differences were found in the PMH factors in relation to sociodemographic variables and health conditions. Suffering one or more chronic diseases was associated negatively, and significantly, with the capacity for self‐care. The four most prevalent chronic health problems in the sample were hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Linking Evidence to Action In people with chronic physical health problems, there is a positive relationship between PMH and self‐care capacity. An increase in the possibility of caring for oneself saw an increase in PMH; conversely, an increase in PMH brought with it an increased capacity for self‐care as well. Therefore, if actions are taken to increase PMH, the capacity for self‐care will also increase.
Background While nonprofessional caregivers often experience a sense of fulfillment when they provide care, there is also a significant risk of emotional and physical burnout. Consequently, this can negatively affect both the caregiver and the person being cared for. Intervention programs can help empower nonprofessional caregivers of people with chronic diseases and develop solutions to decrease the physical and psychological consequences resulting from caregiving. However, most clinically tested intervention programs for nonprofessional caregivers require face-to-face training, and many caregivers encounter obstacles that hinder their participation in such programs. Consequently, it is necessary to design internet-based intervention programs for nonprofessional caregivers that address their needs and test the efficacy of the programs. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a smartphone app–based intervention program to increase positive mental health for nonprofessional caregivers. Methods This study was a randomized controlled trial of 3 months’ duration. A total of 152 caregivers over 18 years of age with a minimum of 4 months’ experience as nonprofessional caregivers were recruited from primary health care institutions. Nonprofessional caregivers were randomized into two groups. In the intervention group, each caregiver installed a smartphone app and used it for 28 days. This app offered them daily activities that were based on 10 recommendations to promote positive mental health. The level of positive mental health, measured using the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (PMHQ), and caregiver burden, measured using the 7-item short-form version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI-7), were the primary outcomes. Users’ satisfaction was also measured. Results In all, 113 caregivers completed the study. After the first month of the intervention, only one factor of the PMHQ, F1–Personal satisfaction, showed a significant difference between the groups, but it was not clinically relevant (0.96; P=.03). However, the intervention group obtained a higher mean change for the overall PMHQ score (mean change between groups: 1.40; P=.24). The results after the third month of the intervention showed an increment of PMHQ scores. The mean difference of change in the PMHQ score showed a significant difference between the groups (11.43; P<.001; d=0.82). Significant changes were reported in 5 of the 6 factors, especially F5–Problem solving and self-actualization (5.69; P<.001; d=0.71), F2–Prosocial attitude (2.47; P<.001; d=1.18), and F3–Self-control (0.76; P=.03; d=0.50). The results of the ZBI-7 showed a decrease in caregiver burden in the intervention group, although the results were inconclusive. Approximately 93.9% (46/49) of the app users indicated that they would recommend the app to other caregivers and 56.3% (27/49) agreed that an extension of the program’s duration would be beneficial. Conclusions The app-based intervention program analyzed in this study was effective in promoting positive mental health and decreasing the burden of caregivers and achieved a high range of user satisfaction. This study provides evidence that mobile phone app–based intervention programs may be useful tools for increasing nonprofessional caregivers’ well-being. The assessment of the effectiveness of intervention programs through clinical trials should be a focus to promote internet-based programs in health policies. Trial Registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN14818443; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14818443 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12889-019-7264-5
INTRODUCTION A comprehensive smoking ban was recently enacted for acute-care hospital campuses in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and patterns of smoking among inpatients before and during hospitalization. METHODS Multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted in 13 hospitals in the province of Barcelona, Spain from May 2014 to May 2015. Participants were adults who provided informed consent. The sample size was calculated to be representative of each hospital (prevalence 29.4%, precision ± 5%, error 5%). We approached 1228 subjects, 888 accepted to participate and 170 were replaced (were not available or declined to participate). Final sample comprised 1047 subjects. We used a computer-assisted personal interview system to collect data, including sociodemographic variables and use of tobacco before and during hospitalization. Smoking status was validated with exhaled carbon monoxide. We calculated overall tobacco prevalence and investigated associations with participant and center characteristics. We performed multiple polytomous and multilevel logistic regression analyses to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with adjustments for potential confounders. RESULTS In all, 20.5% (95% CI: 18.1-23.0) of hospitalized patients were smokers. Smoking was most common among men (aOR=7.47; 95% CI: 4.88-11.43), young age groups (18-64 years), and individuals with primary or less than primary education (aOR=2.76; 95% CI: 1.44-5.28). Of the smokers, 97.2% were daily consumers of whom 44.9% had medium nicotine dependence. Of all smokers, three-quarters expressed a wish to quit, and one-quarter admitted to consuming tobacco during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the need to offer smoking cessation interventions among hospitalized patients in all units and service areas, to avoid infringements and increase patient safety, hospital efficiency, and improve clinical outcomes. Hospitalization represents a promising window for initiating smoking interventions addressed to all patients admitted to smoke-free hospitals, specially after applying a smoke-free campus ban. AFFILIATION
Objective: To identify the life quality and personal and job satisfaction of geriatrics assistants, caregivers of the institutionalized elderly. Methodology: Descriptive study made from quantitative and qualitative data. The sample size was 12 geriatrics assistants that work in the center Sociosanitario Ricardo Fortuny and in Sant Francesc de Vilafranca del Penedès Residence. Results: Most of them are satisfied with their personal life and have good life quality. They like their job and are motivated. However, they stated being little appreciated and badly paid. They think training is important to deliver quality care. Conclusion and discussion: Specialized training is needed to deliver quality care to the institutionalized elderly, as it does not only affect the job satisfaction of geriatrics assistants but also their personal satisfaction and quality of life.
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