Cancer is among the current leading causes of death worldwide, despite the novel advances that have been made toward its treatment, it is still considered a major public health concern. Considering both the serious impact of cancer on public health and the significant side effects and complications of conventional therapeutic options, the current strategies towards targeted cancer therapy must be enhanced to avoid undesired toxicity. Cancer immunotherapy has become preferable among researchers in recent years compared to conventional therapeutic options, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. The understanding of how to control immune checkpoints, develop therapeutic cancer vaccines, genetically modify immune cells as well as enhance the activation of antitumor immune response led to the development of novel cancer treatments. In this review, we address recent advances in cancer immunotherapy molecular mechanisms. Different immunotherapeutic approaches are critically discussed, focusing on the challenges, potential risks, and prospects involving their use.
Accumulating evidence supports that both long non-coding and micro RNAs (lncRNAs and miRNAs) are implicated in glioma tumorigenesis and progression. Poor outcome of gliomas has been linked to late-stage diagnosis and mostly ineffectiveness of conventional treatment due to low knowledge about the early stage of gliomas, which are not possible to observe with conventional diagnostic approaches. The past few years witnessed a revolutionary advance in biotechnology and neuroscience with the understanding of tumor-related molecules, including non-coding RNAs that are involved in the angiogenesis and progression of glioma cells and thus are used as prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic targets. The emerging research on lncRNAs and miRNAs highlights their crucial role in glioma progression, offering new insights into the disease. These non-coding RNAs hold significant potential as novel therapeutic targets, paving the way for innovative treatment approaches against glioma. This review encompasses a comprehensive discussion about the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in gene regulation that is responsible for the promotion or the inhibition of glioma progression and collects the existing links between these key cancer-related molecules.
Background Vaccination against Covid-19 reduces the risk of getting an infection and provides strong protection against serious illnesses and death combined with existing prevention measures, this study aimed to determine short-term side effects that a raised after the Covid-19 vaccine was received. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study included 100 Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in Sob University Hospital. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences. Results Among 100 participants near to half (42%) were in the age group of (20 – 30) years and above two thirds (61%) of the study were female and 31% were registered nurses. Most of them 91% received the AstraZeneca vaccine. This current study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the onsets of symptoms with a type of vaccine (AstraZeneca) with a p-value of 0.001. In addition to a statistically significant relationship between muscular pain, fever, Itching as a side effect, and AstraZeneca) with p value less than 0, 05. Conclusion The study concluded that most of those who took the vaccination of Covid-19 experienced short-term side effects including chills, fever, muscle pain, and headache after receiving the vaccine after each dose but they did not develop diarrhea.
Background: Critical care nurses must gain update knowledge, skills, experiences, high technical equipment to provide high quality nursing care to support critically ill patients’ recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of educational program on nurse’s knowledge concerning Nursing Care for critically –ill Patients at Critical Care units. Methodology: This interventional pre–posttest study included 30nurses selected though a full-coverage sampling method and meeting the selection criteria. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaire after testing their validity and reliability through pilot study, then a written approval from the participants was taken. The pretest included an initial assessment followed by implementation of education program was designed based on actual needs of nurses in order to improve their knowledge toward effective nursing care of critically ill patient. Then the final assessment was conducted after one month (posttest). The collected data were then analyzed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics based on the objective and p-value at 0.05 was considered as the level of significance using SPSS version 20. Results: this current study showed that there was statistically significant relationship between nurses knowledge in mechanical ventilator and years of experience in critical care with p value 0,04 in pre-program implementation and after 2 month post program p value was 0.02. That reflect the years of experience when the nurse handle the mechanical ventilator will became more expert than the nurse less experience of it that is why the less expert nurse does not aware of mode of mechanical ventilator. Conclusion: The study concluded that the total knowledge of nurses post-test was very good and follow-up after 2 month was good, that indicate the educational program effect in knowledge of nurses.
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