Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify and validate smartphone-based visual acuity (VA) apps that can be used in a teleophthalmology portal. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases: A survey to investigate if the SmartOptometry App was easy to download, understand and test (phase I), an in-clinic comparison of VA measured in a random testing order with four tools namely COMPlog, Reduced Snellen near vision, Peek Acuity (Distance VA) and SmartOptometry (Near VA) (phase II) and a repeatability study on these 4 tools by measuring VA again (phase III). The study recruited the employees of our institute and adhered to the strict COVID-19 protocols of testing. Results: Phase I Survey ( n = 40) showed 90% of participants used android phones, 60% reported that instructions were clear, and all users were able to self-assess their near VA with SmartOptometry App. Phase II ( n = 68) revealed that Peek Acuity was comparable to COMPlog VA ( P = 0.31), however SmartOptometry was statistically significantly different (within 2 log MAR lines) from Reduced Snellen near vision test, particularly for young ( n = 44, P = 0.004) and emmetropic ( n = 16, P = 0.04) participants. All the 4 tests were found to be repeatable in phase III ( n = 10) with a coefficient of repeatability ≤0.14. Conclusion: Smartphone-based apps were easy to download and can be used for checking patient's distance and near visual acuity. An effect of age and refractive error should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies with real-time patients are required to identify potential benefits and challenges to solve.
Introduction: Major depressive disorder is a major mental health problem and is the fourth most important cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Aim: The study aimed to assess the association of depression among women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was done on 102 females diagnosed with breast cancer. Women were recruited using purposive sampling technique. Patients were evaluated on Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 6.0.0 to screen other psychiatric comorbidities. Hamilton depression 17-item, rating scale was used to measure severity of depression. Results: The prevalence of depression was 47.05% in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Majority of the patients (54.1%) had mild depression. Correlations of clinical and Sociodemographic variables with parameters of depression were not significant. Conclusions: Depression is commonly associated psychiatric morbidity in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. The severity of depression is independent of the sociodemographic and clinical variables of patients with breast cancer.
Body image is an essential aspect of femininity. Body image disturbances occurring due to breast cancer pose a difficult challenge, which can impact the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. Various treatment modalities used to cure cancer may result in major alterations of body image. The purpose of this review is to describe the magnitude of body image disturbances and the associated factors which influence the quality of life. A thorough literature search was performed to identify articles related to body image disturbances in patients with breast cancer. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using key terms such as “body image disturbances,” “sexuality,” “women,” and “breast cancer.” Original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in English from 2000 to 2020 that reported on body image as the main variable using standardized tools and had a sample size of at least 100 were considered eligible for inclusion in the review. A total of 40 articles matched the inclusion criteria, out of 100 that were identified from the database search. Our review suggests that in patients with breast cancer, the type of treatment, primarily modified radical mastectomy, and age have a significant association with disturbed body image, resulting in physical or psychological distress, eventually leading to difficulty in partnered relationships and sexual intimacy. Body image disturbance is an indispensable part of female health, and due care must be taken along with treatment to avoid psychological and physical distress.
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