Th e aim of the article is determining the level of knowledge and fi nancial skills of rural dwellers on an example of one of the European Union member states (Poland), as the factors which play a crucial role in the process of limiting the phenomenon of fi nancial exclusion. Th e main source of data used for the analysis was the information gathered through the author's own studies conducted on a group of 1000 randomly chosen people. Statistical analysis of the researched material comprised the summary statistical measurements, the non-parametric χ 2 test and the cluster analysis (k-means clustering). As results from the conducted analysis, the inhabitants of rural areas in Poland are characterized by the average level of knowledge and fi nancial skills. Th e level of fi nancial competences represented by rural dwellers is conditioned both by the economic and non-economic factors. Th ree groups of citizens were distinguished on the basis of the conducted investigations. Th e group which requires special educational measures comprises of women, elderly and less educated persons, households with lower incomes, families of annuitants and old-age pensioners, but also persons using fi nancial tools in a lower degree, not using banking services or living in the areas with a worse access to the banking infrastructure.
The aim of the presented research is to show on food waste and determine the level of financial literacy of food consumers as a factor affecting the probability of occurrence of food waste in Polish households in comparison with selected demographic and economic factors conditioning this phenomenon. The main source of data used for analysis and conclusions was primary information obtained from own research (n=1021, PAPI method). To analyze the data, total statistical indicators, the one-way analysis of variance (the F test) and the logistic regression were used. The conducted analysis demonstrates that among the elements creating financial literacy, only financial attitudes determine consumers' inclination to waste food. The higher the score obtained from this module, the less food is thrown away from households. From the group of factors that significantly determine the occurrence of food wastage, financial attitudes have the weakest impact. The strongest impact has respondent's education.
The development of agriculture and rural areas depends on a large extent on the level of society’s awareness on agriculture. One of the areas of agricultural awareness of citizens is their attitude towards the welfare of farmed animals. The findings of many studies indicate that the level of social awareness in Poland in this area is low, especially among young people. The aim of the study is to determine the attitudes of Polish academic youth towards the welfare of farmed animals and pinpoint selected factors determining this level. The main source of the data used for the analyses and applications was the primary information obtained from personal research. The research was done in 2016 by using PAPI method on the group of 450 people. The statistical analysis of the studied material encompassed aggregate statistical indicators as well as the non-parametric test „chi square” (χ2). Apart from the primary sources they also used secondary sources which encompassed both domestic as well as foreign literature. According to the conducted study, the majority of the participants had an average level of farmed animal welfare awareness (55%). One in three respondents had a low level of farmed animal welfare awareness, and the remaining group represented the high level. The determining factors were: gender, studied faculty, place of residence, and ownership of agricultural holding by the respondents or their parents. A higher level of farmed animal welfare awareness was characterized by women, students of humanistic faculties, people from rural areas as well as the respondents who didn’t run a farm.
Summary: Globalisation, dynamic development of financial markets and modern financial products caused that SME firms have at their disposal a wide array of financial instruments. New financial services create wider possibilities but at the same time lead to a necessity of upgrading financial knowledge of SME owners or staff responsible for financial management of the enterprise. The article aims at determining financial literacy of the persons responsible for the realization of financial policy in firms of the SME sector, but also an identification of factors determining and diversifying this level. The main source of data used for the analysis and inference was information elicited through the Author's own investigations conducted in 2011 on a group of 150 enterprises from the SME sector. Summary statistical measures and nonparametric (χ 2 ) test were used to realize the work objection. As results from conducted investigations, the level of knowledge and financial skills of SME employees depends on the gender, age and education but also on the period of employment/conducting economic activity. Men, aged under 34 years of age, possessing higher education and employees with the longest employment period revealed a higher level of financial literacy. It has been noticed that firms managed by persons revealing a higher level of financial literacy more often use the innovative financial services, e.g. leasing or factoring.
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