Objective. The objective of this article is to analyze the various components of EU health policy and to propose a conceptualization of the Europeanization of different countries' health policies. Method. Drawing on the methodology of public policy analysis, the authors identify core policies and their developments. They focus on the political processes and the stakeholders involved, and discuss future policy outcomes and their consequences. Results. The results show a two-sided picture: on the one hand, Europeanization in the health policy field primarily results from indirect impacts, rather than from direct treaty-based provisions or from a clear-cut sectoral policy; on the other hand, the EU exercises an increasingly strong influence over health policy in Member States, justified by internal market imperatives as well as public health requirements. Conclusion. The conclusion identifies a growing European health policy compound characterized by new, complex, and often overlapping responsibilities between the national and supranational levels. It conceptualizes the Europeanization of health policy as a differential, multiple, and often accidental process, the effects of which nevertheless tend to be quite systematic.This article aims at systematizing the multiple ways in which European integration impacts on the apparently exclusive national domain of health policy. The role of the European Union (EU) provides evidence for conflicting assessments. Though the picture may at first seem contradictory, this article tries to find a logical explanation behind the puzzling mosaic. It argues that the Europeanization of health policy is a phenomenon that tends to be ''chaordic,'' a term borrowed from Hock (2000) denoting a combination of chaos and order. Hock coined the term from a management point of view, as a cognitive point of reference for successful leadership in complex, self-organizing, and self-governing organizations, communities, or systems that are neither hierarchical nor anarchic. In the case examined here, the Europeanization of health policy, this particular combination of chaos and order results from at least three factors: the existence of both national and European authority over various aspects of the health policy field; the n Direct correspondence to Wolfram Lamping,
France is one of the European countries hardest hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic brought into light structural weaknesses of the health system, including its governance and decision making process, but also provoked changes that helped to improve its resilience. We analyse the French experience of Covid-19 in 2020 by critically reviewing major policy measures implemented during the first two waves of the pandemic. France has struggled to find the right balance between the rock of https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
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