In order to help determine the required visual frame rate for the design of remote/virtual airport towers, thirteen active air traffic controllers viewed high dynamic-fidelity simulations of landing aircraft and decided whether the aircraft would stop before the end of the runway, as if to be able to make a runway turnoff. The viewing conditions and simulation dynamics replicated visual rates and environments of transport aircraft landing at small commercial airports. Three frame rates were used: 6, 12, and 24 fps. The frame rate that would be needed to produce asymptotic performance was estimated from a model fit to perceptual discriminability (d') of the condition in which the aircraft would stop. The required frame rate appears to range from 30-60 fps, but definitive recommendations require further testing at a higher rate in the range of 45-60 fps. Errors and reports of judgment certainty show performance was roughly steady state. Anecdotal reports of increased apparent speed due to low frame rates are objectively confirmed. Some implications for the perceptual design of a remote tower are briefly discussed.
Growing global competition forces enterprises to improve their logistic quality to ensure customer satisfaction. Logistic quality requires good process capability as well as high process reliability. One approach for establishing a high logistic quality is the application of logisticoriented and computer-aided monitoring systems, based on logistic models (e.g. the funnel model, developed at the IFA). This model describes and quantifies the dynamic interactions between logistic objectives. To assist the creation of a company-specific balance between the contradictory logistic targets, monitoring systems have to provide an order-oriented and a resource-oriented view of logistic processes. With the regular processing and visualisation of logistically relevant information corresponding to these views, this integrated monitoring concept supports various logistic analyses and the derivation of improvement measures.
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