Artykuł ukazuje fenomen miast podzielonych państwową granicą. Wieloaspektowość poruszanego zagadnienia powoduje, iż autorzy tekstu nie tylko próbują usystematyzować takie pojęcia jak: „miasta podzielone”, „miasta bliźniacze”, czy „miasta pary”, ale ukazują również interdyscyplinarność (m.in. politologiczną, socjologiczną, ekonomiczną, czy antropologiczną) badanego zjawiska. W artykule ukazana została geneza i typologia miast podzielonych w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, uwarunkowania ich deborderyzacji oraz ograniczenia utrudniające proces reintegracji wspomnianych miast w aspekcie formalno-prawnym, kulturowym, ideologicznym, ekonomicznym, społecznym, czy infrastrukturalnym.
As analysis shows, every international leader (whether a Hegemon, Stabilizer or other) has his own moral code. They differ from each other, which generates conflicts and does not foster cooperation. The more versatile the values, the greater the chance of peace, but because a realistic leader is characterized by untenable and selfish morality, which is neither lasting nor certain.
The article is an analysis of the parliamentary discourse of Bundestag deputies, led over two years, i.e. from 2012 to 2014 regarding the crisis in Ukraine. The studies on the discourse were aiming to indicate the most important issues for the German parliamentarians and ways of resolving the Kyiv-Moscow conflict preferred by the federal government. The essay is an attempt of explanation why A. Merkelʼs government got involved in the conflict, what was its perceived role and own benefits. The aim of the article was also to outline the evolution of the issues raised in the debate in the context of Germanyʼs strategic national interests (mainly the economic ones) and forming their foreign policy guaranteeing to maximize their influence and avoiding an acute conflict with Russia at the same time. This could negatively affect German economic indications, which they wanted to avoid at all costs. Therefore, the perspective presented herein enables to understand, at least to some degree, the German soft power tactics and a certain amount of the Chancellorʼs submission to W. Putin and his invasive politics in Ukraine.
The problem of divided cities is not new, yet it must be admitted that the political science approach is a defi nite minority among numerous, primarily geographical and historical approaches. This article contains a review of the current achievements and the state of research in this area, and also indicates the most popular methods, theories and topics that enjoy the greatest research interest, while highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. It also offers a slightly different approach to the problems of divided cities, including an analysis of their international potential considered from the perspective of role theory. This approach treats divided cities as entities building their own power (based primarily on soft power), assuming, however, that the capabilities of each of the ‘twin’ parts of a city are different and not necessarily symmetrical for various reasons.
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