Background: Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is predictor of adverse fetal outcomes. However, all fetuses with meconium passage do not have an adverse outcome and it is important to distinguish those who develop fetal distress promptly to prevent and intervene the sequalae accordingly. Hence this study was undertaken to study the grades of meconium stained liquor and its effect on intrapartum management and relation with maternal and neonatal outcome.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on term pregnancy patients. Firstly, the detailed case history and examination was performed. When membranes ruptured the colour of liquor was noted. Fetal monitoring by cardiotocography (CTG) was done continuously throughout labour. The mode of delivery, cord pH and base excess were noted. After the delivery Apgar score and weight of the baby, need for resuscitation, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions and neonatal complications were noted.Results: Of the 3117 deliveries conducted during the study period, 321 cases (10.29%) had meconium stained liquor out of whom, 183 women (57%) were with thin meconium and 138 (43%) had thick meconium. There was no risk factor identified in the majority of women. The CTG was reactive in most women with thin meconium (71.5%). There was a significantly higher incidence of pathological CTG’s in women with thick meconium (36.3%) (p value = 0.001). There was no significant difference in birth weight Apgar scores, cord pH, base excess in both the groups and rate of NICU admission.Conclusions: Maximum patients with thin meconium and reactive CTG included in our study delivered normally with good neonatal outcome. However presence of thick meconium in addition to other factors such as fetal heart rate alterations should be viewed seriously as it may pose a potential danger for the baby.
Background: Seventy percent of cases of postmenopausal bleeding have an innocent or harmless cause of bleeding but 30% of them are associated with malignancy. Hence it requires a thorough evaluation clinically and pathologically. As a considerable number of patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding are reporting, the current study was undertaken to find out the incidence of the postmenopausal bleeding and the causes responsible for it.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was performed on women with the history of post-menopausal bleeding. Patients with premature menopause whether surgical or natural (age <40 years), patients having bleeding from urethra or rectum and patients on hormone replacement therapy and anticoagulation therapy were excluded from the study. After the detailed history and a thorough examination all the patients were subjected to USG. In cases, wherever required colposcopy, biopsy, laparotomy or hysterectomy was performed and were correlated histopathologically.Results: Incidence of 11/1000 patients was found. The mean age of menopause was 46.99 years and mean duration was 7.20 years. Clinically the most common cause was Ca endometrium (26%), whereas histopathologically atrophy (34.61%) was the commonest cause. 61% had benign cause whereas 39% had malignant cause for post-menopausal bleeding.Conclusions: From the study, it is revealed that the incidence of postmenopausal bleeding decreases with increase in the age of patient as well as with the increasing duration of the menopause. Scanty endometrium is associated normal histopathology of endometrium and hence patients of postmenopausal bleeding with endometrial thickness > 5 mm should be thoroughly investigated, treated and followed up meticulously.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.