Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used for induction of inflammation in various human tissues, including dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to summarize current medical literature focusing on (1) cell types used by researchers to simulate dental pulp inflammation, (2) LPS variants utilized in experimental settings and how these choices affect the findings. Our study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched for studies reporting outcomes of lipopolysaccharide application on dental pulp cells in vitro using electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Having gathered data from 115 papers, we aimed to present all known effects LPS has on different cell types present in dental pulp. We focused on specific receptors and particles that are involved in molecular pathways. Our review provides an essential foundation for further research using in vitro models of pulpitis.
Background: The symptoms of stroke in the pediatric population are less evaluated than in adults. Although certain indicators are characteristic of stroke – acute drooping of the mouth corners, hemiparesis, and headache – they are not pathognomonic. Other diseases may manifest with similar symptoms, such as the first episode of hemiplegic migraine, and should be differentiated from stroke at an emergency department. Aim of the study: We present the differential diagnosis between stroke, transient ischemic attack, and first episode of hemiplegic migraine in a teenager with alarming focal symptoms. Case report: We present a case of 15-year-old patient with acute headache, drooping of the right mouth corners, and hemiparesis of the right upper and lower limb. He was brought by ambulance to the emergency department under suspicion of a stroke. A series of diagnostic tests performed at the Emergency Department did not reveal any vascular incident. Further diagnosis was performed at the Neurology Department. The patient was discharged from the hospital with a suspicion of first attack of hemiplegic migraine or transient ischemic attack. Conclusions: Differentiating stroke from other conditions in young patients is a significant challenge. The stroke diagnostic process in children requires further research to support accurate diagnosis and, if necessary, treatment as rapidly as possible.
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