The scarcity of drinking water has become a bitter reality in many countries. The gap between demand and supply of water has been increasing exponentially year by year. Deforestation, use of groundwater vigorously for agricultural practices, and polluting our present water resources such as rivers, lakes, and wells are triggering the freshwater scarcity problem. Ninety percent of people of Uttarakhand depend on springs for their daily life activities. In such a case, the quality and quantity of spring water should be a prime topic to be focussed on. In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, spring water quality is good but there is an issue with its availability, especially in summer. This review paper details the studies that have been conducted on nutrient status, hardness, heavy metals, and the presence of microbiological diversity in spring water, as well as this article, also uncovers the information of some critical springs, geological settings of their aquifers, and the steps that have been adopted to rejuvenate the spring. Some other practices have been done for springs’ revival and their improvement in discharge rate, by the government and local communities like construction of percolation pits, contour trenches, check dams, and improvement of water resources which are also tried to touch those areas. It has been observed among the analyzed sample that the Kumaon region is dominated by arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, whereas aluminum, barium, cobalt, and manganese are more in the Garhwal region. Apart from spring, this review paper also reveals the physicochemical characteristics of the spring-fed river and lakes of the Kumaon region.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of plant-immobilized bacterial cells synergism for enhanced remediation of polluted river water. The polluted river water sample was collected from Kalyani river, Uttarakhand, India and characterized by high concentration of COD (1010 mg/l), BOD (230 mg/l), NO3−-N (30 mg/l), PO43−-P (48.9 mg/l), and Pb(1.028 mg/l). This water sample was treated on a lab scale with immobilized bacterial cells and Epipremnum aureum in various treatment setups. The treatment system 3 using a combination of immobilized bacterial cells and Epipremnum aureum had the highest pollutant removal efficiency of all the treatment setups tested. At 96 hours, the total COD, BOD, NO3−-N, PO43−-P and Pb contents of polluted river water sample were reduced to 60 mg/l, 20 mg/l, 2.4 mg/l, 11.7 mg/l, and 0.065 mg/l, respectively. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that utilizing plant-immobilized bacterial cell synergism is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for enhanced remediation and rejuvenation of polluted river water. Furthermore, a field-scale application of plant-immobilized bacterial cell synergism via floating wetland construction for on-site treatment of contaminated water on the Kalyani river is recommended.
The focus of this research is to conduct a large-scale metagenomic investigation of a notable spring in Uttarakhand i.e., Rangori spring in the ecologically unique region of Ramnagar in order to identify the resident microbial population. The sample was collected from Ramnagar, Nainital district of Uttarakhand the identification. The goal of this study is to look at the bacterial diversity in spring water. The MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze and compare the bacterial diversity and community composition of samples from spring water samples. Overall, 519 optimized reads were obtained from the samples based on high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial species detected in these samples covered 46 phyla, 53 orders, 121 families, 422 genera and 521 species. According to the analysis it was found that the samples included a plethora of bacterial variety. The dominating bacteria's distribution features revealed patterns of a high number of unusual species and a few common types. Taxonomic assignment analysis indicated that Proteobacteria, Bacteriodes, OD1, Cyanobacteria Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Chlamydiae and Verrucomicrobiadominated in the water and accounted for 93.36% at phylum level. The predominant groups were Heliscomenobacter, Lacibactor, Lysobacter, Novosphingobium, Planctomyces, Reyranella, Rheinheimera, Rhodobacter, Sediminibacterium, Sphingobiumat genus level. At species level vibrioides, somerae, colicanis, prausnitzii, rhizosphaerae, cauensis, brunescens, australicum ,massiliensis, yanoikuyaewere the abundant taxa, while vey small community of Archaea were presented: Methanocullaus, Cenarchaeu, Candidatus Nitrososphera This research deepens the understanding on microbial community in spring water and provide references for the association of bacterial composition and diversity along with their significance.
Heavy metal pollution is a major source of pollution in the environment. Heavy metal pollution in ground and surface water threatens human health and the aquatic ecology. Traditional treatment approaches for removing pollutants from wastewater are typically expensive, time-consuming, harmful to the environment and inefficient. Phytoremediation is a low-cost, environmentally sustainable, emerging technology with a long-term application. The most important part of successful phytoremediation is plant species selection. Organic and inorganic contaminants are removed with great efficiency by aquatic macrophytes. Metal accumulator plants such as water hyacinth, water lettuce and duck weed as well as a few other aquatic plants, are commonly used to treat heavy-metal polluted water. In order to show the extensive applicability of phytoremediation, a comprehensive review about the aquatic macrophytes in phytoremediation has been compiled.
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