Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.

The effects of urbanization on bats are poorly understood, but published data suggests it might be detrimental to them. Even though urban parks provide refuge to native biota, the nature of the urban landscape exacerbates the insularization process. In order to evaluate if wooded streets in an urban landscape provide connectivity for bats, we compared bat community structure in three different types of habitats: urban parks, wooded streets and non-wooded streets. Sampling occurred monthly from August 2006 to July 2007 in the city of Vitória, southeastern Brazil. Richness, relative abundance and diversity were higher in urban parks and lower in non-wooded streets. Jaccard's similarity index showed that the wooded streets are more similar to non-wooded streets than to urban parks. Urbanization may benefit generalist species by providing new resources, but for specialist species critical resources may be lost and persistence endangered. There is evidence that wooded streets may provide some degree of connectivity for birds in urban landscapes, but our results suggest that this is not the case, with wooded streets being used by few individuals of a few species. Vegetation cover is important to maintain bat diversity in urban centers. Activities like landscape planning and gardening should include biodiversity data in their outputs in order to better design a landscape that improves the likelihood of persistence of bats.

In Brazil, restingas are under severe human-induced impacts resulting in habitat degradation and loss and remain one of the less frequently studied ecosystems. The main objectives of the present study are to describe the bat community in a restinga in Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Guarapari municipality, state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Fieldwork was conducted twice a month from August 2004 to September 2005. A total sampling effort of 40,300 m 2 /h, represents the largest sampling effort for sampling bats in restingas to date. Bats were sampled in five different vegetational types in the area. Captured bats were processed recording information on species, sex, age, forearm length and weight. Shannon Diversity and Jaccard indexes were used to analyse diversity and similarity among habitats in the Park. A total of 554 captures belonging to 14 species and two families were obtained. Noctilio leporinus was recorded through direct observation and an ultra-sound detector also registered the presence of individuals from the family Molossidae, without being possible to distinguish it at specific level. Frugivores were the most representative guild. Richness was higher in Clusia shrubs (11 species) and Caraís lagoon (10 species). Shannon diversity index was estimated at H' = 1.43 for the overall sample, with Caraís lagoon representing the most diverse habitat (H' = 1.60). The greater similarity (J = 0.714) was observed for the two areas under high human influence.

ABSTRACT. Mammals are among the most charismatic and well-studied organisms, and Brazil harbors the largest mammal diversity of the world. The Brazilian Society of Mammalogy was established in 1985, and since 2001 it organizes the Brazilian Congress of Mammalogy. We used the proceedings of all three editions of this congress together with papers indexed in Web of Science and Scielo to evaluate trends in Brazilian mammalogy. All contributions were categorized according to mammalian order, biome, topic of research and state of authors' affiliation. Our results show that mammalian orders with higher species richness receive more attention, but the ranking is different between abstracts and papers. Higher species richness did not translate into more attention for more speciose biomes, and again the ranking was different between papers and abstracts. There are research topics that receive much higher attention than others, and also other important ones, like Taxonomy, that have been neglected. States with greater human populations produce both more papers and abstracts. We conclude that the higher number of publication in the Atlantic Forest is caused by the concentration of mammalogists in the south and southeastern regions of the country. Contrary to what is normally believed, mammalian orders received attention according to their species richness, and not their charisma, probably because richer orders provide more study models. We suggest that additional funding mechanisms should be set in place in order to encourage more research on mammalian orders, topics, and states which have been neglected so far, in order to improve the knowledge on important Brazilian mammal biodiversity.

Avian declines and extinctions are a worldwide concern. Conservation priorities for birds should target threatened taxa (taxonomic targets) and regions with high levels of species richness and endemism (geographical targets). Does published research on bird conservation reflect the global taxonomic and geographic priorities? We surveyed six years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) of six international conservation journals, and analyzed all articles on birds. Attention indexes were calculated for orders, threatened species, and biogeographic realms. We also examined how well research from tropical nations (with high levels of richness and endemism) are represented in the international literature. Results show that Struthioniformes is the order that has the highest attention (0.54), mostly because this order has relatively few species, and the lowest attention was recorded for Coliiformes (0.00). For some orders (Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Gaviiformes, Pelecaniformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Podicipediformes, Struthioniformes, Tinamiformes and Trogoniformes), most of the published research focuses on non-threatened species. The Nearctic and Palearctic are the biogeographic realms that receive most attention by avian conservationists. However, the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan are the regions with higher species diversity. Eighty-four countries contributed articles, but the majority of bird conservation research is conducted by North American and western European researchers. There is urgent need for capacity building in tropical developing nations. Birds are seriously threatened and are rapidly declining worldwide. However, bird conservation is still misplacing its focus in lowerbiodiversity regions and for some orders focusing in non-threatened species. If such trends are not changed, the consequences for the persistence of birds worldwide may be dire. Keywords: attention index, biogeographic realms, priorities ResumoExtinções de declínios populacionais em aves são uma preocupação mundial. Prioridades de conservação para aves devem focar em taxa ameaçados (prioridades taxonômicas) e regiões com altos níveis de riqueza e endemismo (prioridades geográficas). Será que as pesquisas publicadas sobre conservação de aves refletem tais prioridades? Nós analisamos todos os artigos sobre conservação de aves em seis periódicos internacionais de conservação entre 2000 e 2005. Índices de atenção foram calculados para ordens, espécies ameaçadas e regiões biogeográficas. Nós também representatividade de nações tropicais (com altos níveis de riqueza e endemismo) no cenário internacional de pesquisa em conservação de aves. Os resultados mostram que Struthioniformes é a ordem com o maior índice de atenção (0.54), principalmente por possuir poucas espécies, e o menor índice de atenção foi regitrado para a ordem Coliiformes (0.00). Para algumas ordens (Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Gaviiformes, Pelecaniformes, Phoenicopter...

Caves are important bat roosts worldwide that are used as shelters, maternity roosts, and to help in thermoregulation. Bat abundances, species richness, and association patterns inside caves can be affected by large-scale environmental variation. However, few studies have analyzed the effect of latitudinal and altitudinal variations on these patterns. Here, we conducted a large literature review about cave occupation by bats in Brazil. We investigated the effects of elevation and latitude on bat richness and abundance, the effect of Brazilian biomes on bats' abundance and richness, the dependence between feeding guilds and biomes, and the effects of the number of studies conducted and the number of caves per region on bat species richness. A total of 72 studies with 9666 bats from 72 species were registered in 247 caves. We found that species richness increases toward the equator and reaches its limit at low and intermediate altitudes. Reported richness was influenced by the number of studies conducted in each region. Both latitude and elevation explained the variation in abundance and were significantly affected by biome type. The latitudinal and elevational gradient for species' richness and abundance may be explained by the creation of stable thermal conditions in roosts at high elevations and low latitudes.

Anoura caudifer (É . Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) is a phyllostomid commonly called the tailed tailless bat. This is a relatively small species with an elongated muzzle, a long and protractile tongue, and generally dark brown pelage; it is 1 of 8 species in the genus Anoura. It occurs in Colombia,

Oprea, M., Brito, D., Vieira, T.B., Mendes, P., Lopes, S.R., Fonseca, R.M., Coutinho, R.Z., Ditchfield, A.D. A note on the diet and foraging behavior of Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in an urban park in southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop. May/Aug 2007 vol. 7, no. 2 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/ v7n2/pt/abstract?short-communication+bn01407022007. ISSN 1676-0603.Bats of the genus Artibeus are among the most important seed dispersers in early successional forests. We report observations on the foraging behavior of Artibeus lituratus in Pedra da Cebola Municipal Park, an urban park in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Observations were made during six consecutive days (April 1 st to April 6 th , 2006). Three mist-nets were opened each night close to a Maclura tinctoria tree (Moraceae), remaining open from 18:00 to 22:00, totaling four hours per night, and 24 hours of sampling effort. We observed two peaks of feeding activity at the tree, one between 18:20 and 19:30, and a second one at 21:00. This is the first observation of Artibeus lituratus feeding on M. tinctoria fruits, therefore adding a new item to the known diet of the species. M. tinctoria fruits have large seeds that are not swallowed by bats, they consume the fruit pulp and discard the seeds. A diet of fruits with large seeds may indicate an important resource not detected in dietary studies based on fecal samples, but better detected by direct observation or by studying feeding roosts. It is important to use different sampling techniques in dietary studies since they complement each other and, together, provide a better knowledge on the diet of bats.Keywords: bats, frugivory, Maclura, urban ecology. ResumoOprea, M., Brito, D., Vieira, T.B., Mendes, P., Lopes, S.R., Fonseca, R.M., Coutinho, R.Z., Ditchfield, A.D. Nota sobre dieta e comportamento de forrageio de Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em um parque urbano no sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. May/Aug 2007 vol. 7, no. 2 http://www.biotaneotropica. org.br/v7n2/pt/abstract?short-communication+bn01407022007. ISSN 1676-0603.Morcegos do gênero Artibeus estão entre os mais importantes dispersores de sementes em florestas em estágios iniciais de sucessão. Aqui descrevemos observações sobre o comportamento de forrageio de Artibeus lituratus no Parque Municipal da Pedra da Cebola, um parque urbano na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. As observações foram feitas durante seis dias consecutivos (01 a 06 de Abril de 2006). Três redes de neblina foram abertas cada noite, próximas a uma árvore de Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae, permanecendo abertas das 18:00 às 22:00 horas, totalizando quatro horas por noite, e 24 horas de esforço amostral. Foram observados dois picos de atividade de forrageio, o primeiro entre 18:20 e 19:30 horas, e o segundo às 21:00 horas. Este é o primeiro registro de consumo de frutos de M. tinctoria por A. lituratus, adicionando mais um ítem para a dieta conhecida desta espécie. Os frutos de M. tinctoria p...