. Encapsulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds extracted from spent coffee grounds by freeze-drying and spray-drying using different coating materials. Food Chemistry, 237, 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1016Chemistry, 237, 623-631. https://doi.org/10. /j.foodchem.2017 Accepted Manuscript Encapsulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds extracted from spent coffee grounds by freeze-drying and spray-drying using different coating materials This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. achieved when PC were encapsulated by freeze-drying using maltodextrin as wall material. 35Under these conditions, the amount of PC and FLA retained in the encapsulated sample 36 corresponded to 62% and 73%, respectively, and 73-86% of the antioxidant activity present in 37 the original extract was preserved.
The "glutamatergic" granule cells of the dentate gyrus transiently express a GABAergic phenotype when a state of hyperexcitability is induced in the adult rat. Consequently, granule cell (GC) activation provokes monosynaptic GABAergic responses in their targets of area CA3. Because GABA exerts a trophic action on neonatal CA3 and mossy fibers (MF) constitute its main input, we hypothesized that the GABAergic phenotype of the MF could also be transiently expressed early in life. We addressed this possibility with a multidisciplinary approach. Electrophysiological recordings in developing rats revealed that, until day 22-23 of age, glutamate receptor antagonists block the excitatory response evoked in pyramidal cells by GCs, isolating a fast metabotropic glutamate receptor-sensitive GABAergic response. In a clear-cut manner from day 23-24 of age, GC activation in the presence of glutamatergic antagonists was unable to evoke synaptic responses in CA3. Immunohistological experiments showed the presence of GABA and GAD67 (glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform) in the developing GCs and their MF, and, using reverse transcription-PCR, we confirmed the expression of vesicular GABA transporter mRNA in the developing dentate gyrus and its downregulation in the adult. The GABAergic markers were upregulated and MF inhibitory transmission reappeared when hyperexcitability was induced in adult rats. Our data evidence for the first time a developmental and activity-dependent regulation of the complex phenotype of the GC. At early ages, the GABAergic input from the MF may add to the interneuronal input to CA3 to foster development, and, in the adult, it can possibly protect the system from enhanced excitability.
The possibility of obtaining large numbers of cells with potential to become functional neurons implies a great advance in regenerative medicine. A source of cells for therapy is the subventricular zone (SVZ) where adult neural stem cells (NSCs) retain the ability to proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate into several mature cell types. The neurosphere assay, a method to isolate, maintain, and expand these cells has been extensively utilized by research groups to analyze the biological properties of aNSCs and to graft into injured brains from animal models. In this review we briefly describe the neurosphere assay and its limitations, the methods to optimize culture conditions, the identity and the morphology of aNSCderived neurospheres (including new ultrastructural data). The controversy regarding the identity and "stemness" of cells within the neurosphere is revised. The fine morphology of neurospheres, described thoroughly, allows for phenotypical characterization of cells in the neurospheres and may reveal slight changes that indirectly inform about cell integrity, cell damage, or oncogenic transformation. Along this review we largely highlight the critical points that researchers have to keep in mind before extrapolating results or translating experimental transplantation Abbreviations used: aNSC 5 adult neural stem cell; BDNF 5 brainderived neurotrophic factor; bFGF 5 basic fibroblastic growth factor; CD133 5 prominin-1; CNS 5 central nervous system; DIV 5 days in vitro; EGF 5 epidermal growth factor; EM 5 electron microscopy; ENU 5 N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea; EPO 5 erythropoietin; ER 5 endoplasmic reticulum; G-CSF 5 granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; GBM 5 glioblastoma multiform; GFAP 5 glial fibrillary acidic protein; HIF-1 5 hypoxia inducible factor-1; IF 5 intermediate filaments; LIF 5 leukemia inhibitory factor; NGF 5 neurotrophic growth factor; NSC 5 neural stem cell; OB 5 olfactory bulb; PB 5 phosphate buffer; PDGF 5 platelet-derived growth factor; PSA-NCAM 5 polysialic acid-neural adhesion molecule; RER 5 rough endoplasmic reticulum; SER 5 smooth endoplasmic reticulum; SVZ 5 subventricular zone; TGF 5 transforming growth factor beta; Tuj1 5 Beta-III-tubulin; VEGF 5 vascular endothelial growth factor
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