Key Points• In thalassemia patients with cardiac siderosis, amlodipine combined with iron chelation resulted in more effective reduction of cardiac iron.• The combined treatment did not have any effect on serum ferritin and left ventricular ejection fraction.Cardiovascular disease resulting from iron accumulation is still a major cause of death in patients with thalassemia major (TM). Voltage-gated calcium-channel blockade prevents iron entry into cardiomyocytes and may provide an adjuvant treatment to chelation, reducing myocardial iron uptake. We evaluated whether addition of amlodipine to chelation strategies would reduce myocardial iron overload in TM patients compared with placebo. In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 62 patients were allocated to receive oral amlodipine 5 mg/day or placebo in addition to their current chelation regimen. The main outcome was change in myocardial iron concentration (MIC) determined by magnetic resonance imaging at 12 months, with patients stratified into reduction or prevention groups according to their initial T2* below or above the normal human threshold of 35 ms (MIC, 0.59 mg/g dry weight). At 12 months, patients in the reduction group receiving amlodipine (n 5 15) had a significant decrease in MIC compared with patients receiving placebo (n 5 15) with a median of 20.26 mg/g (95% confidence interval, 21.02 to 20.01) vs 0.01 mg/g (95% confidence interval, 20.13 to 0.23), P 5 .02. No significant changes were observed in the prevention group (treatment-effect interaction with P 5 .005). The same findings were observed in the subgroup of patients with T2* <20 ms. Amlodipine treatment did not cause any serious adverse events. Thus, in TM patients with cardiac siderosis, amlodipine combined with chelation therapy reduced cardiac iron more effectively than chelation therapy alone. Because this conclusion is based on subgroup analyses, it needs to be confirmed in ad hoc clinical trials. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier as #NCT01395199. (Blood. 2016;128(12):1555-1561

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Artigo / Article Crescimento e desenvolvimento nas doenças falciformes Growth and development in sickle cell disease Monica P. A. Verissimo Os pacientes portadores de doença falciforme apresentam algumas características quanto ao crescimento e desenvolvimento que devem ser observados no acompanhamento destes pacientes. O crescimento apresenta um retardo que se inicia a partir dos dois anos de idade e que afeta mais o peso do que a altura, sendo que a altura é recuperada na vida adulta, mas o peso permanece menor que na população controle. Quanto à maturação esquelética e sexual também apresentam retardo, atingindo numa fase mais tardia da vida sua maturação esquelética e sexual normal. Vários fatores podem contribuir para este retardo de crescimento e maturação tais como fatores endócrinos, gasto energético e protéico aumentado devido à hemólise crônica e ao trabalho cardiovascular aumentado e deficiências nutricionais. Com a melhora no acompanhamento e no tratamento dos pacientes portadores de doença falciforme é possível ter uma melhora na qualidade

Hemoglobin (Hb) Zürich-Albisrieden (ZA) [α2 59(E8) Gly > Arg; HBA2:c.178G > C] is a rare and highly unstable α-chain variant. A few simple and compound heterozygotes (α α/αα and -/α α, respectively) have been described so far in Switzerland and China. We describe here a case of homozygosity for the Hb ZA mutation (α α/α α) in a Brazilian child with severe congenital hemolytic anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis.

Background Iron overload assessment with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T2* has become a key diagnostic method in the management of many diseases. Quantitative analysis of the MRI images with a cost-effective tool has been a limitation to increased use of the method. Purpose To provide a free software solution for this purpose comparing the results with a commercial solution. Material and Methods The free tool was developed as a standalone program to be directly downloaded and ran in a common personal computer platform without the need of a dedicated workstation. Liver and cardiac T2* values were calculated using both tools and the values obtained compared between them in a group of 56 patients with suspected iron overload using Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Results In the heart, the mean T2* differences between the two methods was 0.46 ms (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.037 -0.965) and in the liver 0.49 ms (95% CI, 0.257-0.722). The CCC for both the heart and the liver were significantly high (0.98 [95% CI, 0.966-0.988] with a Pearson ρ of 0.9811 and 0.991 [95% CI, 0.986-0.994] with a Pearson ρ of 0.996, respectively. No significant differences were observed when analyzing only patients with abnormal concentrations of iron in both organs compared to the whole cohort. Conclusion The proposed free software tool is accurate for calculation of T2* values of the liver and heart and might be a solution for centers that cannot use paid commercial solutions.