Rolled steel plates and sections are often applied in structures in such a way that the principal load direction corresponds with the rolling direction. Examples are beams, arches, or pylons of bridges, supporting beams of ship decks, and the main elements of crane structures. However, some types of structure are subjected to a multiaxial stress state or are loaded with the main load direction perpendicular to rolling. The orientation may influence the mechanical properties. This paper studies the influence of anisotropy observed in the microstructure of rolled C-Mn steels on the tensile properties, Charpy impact values and particularly the fatigue crack growth rates. The influence of anisotropy is determined through tests performed at different orientations with respect to the rolling direction, namely, L-T, T-L and T-S orientations. Samples were taken from structures that were constructed between 25 and 50 years ago from steel grades Fe510C or St52.3 (modern equivalences S355J2 or S355N). The orientation appears to have a statistically relevant influence on Charpy impact value and fatigue crack growth rate. The anisotropy ratio, defined as the ratio between the mechanical property in a certain orientation with that of the L-T orientation, ranged between 0.30 and 0.53 for Charpy impact values. The anisotropy ratios appear correlated with the absolute Charpy value, with a correlation coefficient of ρ = −0.8. The anisotropy ratios of the crack growth in T-L and T-S orientations were 1.19 and 0.43, respectively. Anisotropy ratios for crack growth appear uncorrelated with anisotropy ratios for Charpy impact. The observed anisotropy may partially explain the difference between uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue crack growth as determined by others.
There are many structural lateral systems used in tall buildings: rigid frames, braced frames, shear walls, tubular structures and core structures. The outrigger and belt truss systems are efficient structures for drift control and base moment reduction in tall buildings where the core alone is not rigid enough to resist lateral loads. Perimeter columns are mobilized for increasing the effective width of the structure, and they developed tension in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns. Optimum locations for the outriggers have been studied because of the influence on the top displacement and base moment in the core. It was analyzed the optimal position for two to seven outriggers and belt trusses, aiming to achieve minimum bending moment and minimum drift.
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