The prevalence of kidney stones is increasing in industrialized nations, resulting in a corresponding rise in economic burden. Nephrolithiasis is now recognized as both a chronic and systemic condition, which further underscores the impact of the disease. Diet and environment play an important role in stone disease, presumably by modulating urine composition. Dietary modification as a preventive treatment to decrease lithogenic risk factors and prevent stone recurrence has gained interest because of its potential to be safer and more economical than drug treatment. However, not all abnormalities are likely to be amenable to dietary therapy, and in some cases drugs are necessary to reduce the risk of stone formation. Unfortunately, no new drugs have been developed for stone prevention since the 1980s when potassium citrate was introduced, perhaps because the long observation period needed to demonstrate efficacy discourages investigators from embarking on clinical trials. Nonetheless, effective established treatment regimens are currently available for stone prevention.

Being SDW significantly increased the risk of more advanced stage at RP. Following surgery, SDW men portended to a higher CSM and ACM rate than married men. Consequently, these individuals may benefit from a more focused health care throughout the natural history of their disease.

3 0 1What ' s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Married individuals have lower morbidity and mortality rates for all major causes of death. Cancer-specifi c survival is better in married patients with testis cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, as well as head and neck cancers.We have found the effect of marital status on outcomes after radical cystectomy to be variable, depending on gender and the outcome addressed. Being married is predictive of lower all-cause mortality for both men and women relative to their separated, divorced or widowed (SDW) or never-married counterparts. It is also predictive of lower bladder-cancer-specifi c mortality relative to SDW individuals. Marriage also exerts a protective effect on men regarding non-organ-confi ned disease, with those never having married having signifi cantly higher rates. OBJECTIVES• To examine the effect of marital status (MS) on the rate of non-organ-confi ned disease (NOCD) at radical cystectomy (RC) • To assess the effect of MS on the rate of bladder-cancer-specifi c mortality (BCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) after RC for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB). MATERIALS AND METHODS• A total of 14 859 patients, who underwent RC for UCUB, were captured within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, between 1988 and 2006.• Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the rate of NOCD (T 3-4 /N I-3 /M 0 ) at RC and Cox regression analyses were used to assess BCSM and ACM.• Analyses were stratifi ed according to gender; covariates included socio-economic status, tumour stage, age, race, tumour grade and year of surgery. RESULTS• Never-married males had a higher rate of NOCD at RC (odds ratio = 1.22, P = 0.004), an effect not found in nevermarried females.• Separated, divorced or widowed (SDW) males (hazard ratio [ HR ] = 1.18, P = 0.005) and females (HR = 1.16, P = 0.002) had higher rates of BCSM than their married counterparts.• SDW and never-married males had higher rates of ACM than their married counterparts (HR = 1.22, P < 0.001 and HR = 1.26, P < 0.001, respectively).• SDW and never-married females also had higher rates of ACM than married females (HR = 1.24, P < 0.001 and HR = 1.22, P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS• For both men and women, being SDW conveyed an increased risk of BCSM after RC.• SDW and never marrying had a deleterious effect on ACM.• Unfavourable stage at RC was also seen more commonly in never-married males.

American Joint Committee on Cancer stage combined with tumor grade is the simplest, most accurate cancer specific mortality prediction rule after primary tumor excision for penile squamous cell carcinoma. This method is also more accurate than 2 previous cancer specific mortality prediction rules.

SPT after RALP was associated with less penile pain compared to UC drainage, and modestly better patient satisfaction. There were no significant differences in bladder spasms, overall pain, and patient-reported morbidity between groups.

The proportion of surgeons in the high annual caseload tertile and the proportion of patients treated by these surgeons steadily increased during the last decade. Complication and transfusion rates decreased with time. The implications of these encouraging findings may result in improved outcomes in patients with surgically managed prostate cancer.

Although with low morbidity, in comparison to extirpation and conventional thermal ablation technologies, irreversible electroporation has suboptimal short-term local disease control results in this series of small, low complexity tumors. Larger series and longer follow-up will determine the durability of this modality.

When training resident surgeons to perform RALP, a dual-console system may improve intraoperative and perioperative outcomes. The dual-console may represent a safer, more efficient modality for robotic surgical education as compared to a single-console system.