BackgroundThe availability of various oral contraceptive (OC) pill formulations with different hormone compositions suggests that there is potential to align a particular product with an individual user’s needs and preferences. To explore this concept further, a survey was conducted of current users of OCs to define and confirm areas of specific needs, and to gain insight into their views and preferences for OC formulations.MethodsDuring November and December 2015, women users (n=615) of OCs in five Central and Eastern European countries were surveyed in face-to-face interviews conducted by experienced interviewers. The survey questionnaire comprised 34 questions about the use of and specific needs for OCs.ResultsFour basic needs of women taking OCs were identified: reliable contraception, reversibility of contraception, no effect on body weight and safety. Overall, 85% of surveyed women indicated that prevention of pregnancy was the main reason for taking OCs. Weight gain was the side effect of greatest concern with OC use (46% spontaneous answer; 65% aided answer). Independent behavioural segmentation analysis identified four groups – Solved Cycle Problems (46% of participants), Low Hormone Content (22%), Lifestyle (17%) and Beauty (14%) – which characterised the women according to needs and preferences beyond the basic needs of OCs. Each group had unique features and distinct preferences for different formulations of OCs.ConclusionsAligning product advantages with specific individual needs may enhance users’ overall experience with OCs as a contraceptive option.
Background. Renal chronic disease can be categorized as an uncommon pathology associated with pregnancy, with a real incidence difficult to estimate. The significant risk for adverse outcomes can be translated into a high degree of occurrence of preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and, also, progression of underlying renal dysfunction. The purpose of the article is to review the data from specialty literature, regarding the correlation between renal function and the pregnancy’s prognosis, so the best management can be implemented to improve the outcomes. Material and methods. We performed a research project conducted in Emergency University Hospital in Bucharest, regarding the impact of chronic renal disease on maternal and fetal outcome. The retrospective and prospective study extends over a period of over 4 years, between 2017 and 2021 and it is currently ongoing with the involvement of the Nephrology Department, the Dialysis Department and the Medical Laboratory. Results. We enrolled 12 pregnant women diagnosed with chronic renal disease. In all cases included in this research the mean 1-minute Apgar Index was 7. The rate of cesarian section was 95%, due to severe preeclampsia in 58% cases, fetal bradycardia in 33.33% cases and placentae abruption in 8.66%. In our study the most frequent risk factor was systemic lupus erythematosus (25%). The risk factors associated with the progression of renal disease in pregnancy were age < 24 years, nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, hematocrit <= 26%, serum creatinine > 1.4 mg/dl, prednisone monotherapy. The blood urea nitrogen had an average of 57 mg/dl, ranging between 26 and 173 mg/dl. Conclusions. The prognosis of pregnancy-associated with renal chronic disease is burdened by the appearance of serious fetal and maternal complications. Thus, special regard should be given to the management of this pathology during pregnancy, so that therapeutic criteria can be easily adopted, taking into consideration that, nowadays, the diagnosis is still a challenge due to the overlapping psychological changes.
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